Animal Rights Vs. Human Rights Essays - Animal Testing, Free Essays

Animal Rights Vs. Human Rights Essays - Animal Testing, Free Essays Animal Rights Vs. Human Rights h Laboratory animals The use of laboratory animals is important to three main areas: biomedical research, product safety testing, and education. Biomedical researchers use animals to extend their understanding of the workings of the body and the processes of disease and health, and to develop new vaccines and treatments for various diseases. The research these people do isnt only for human benefit; it is also helping to develop veterinary techniques. The industry uses animals to test the effectiveness and safety of many consumer products, such as cosmetics, household cleaning products, pesticides, chemicals, and drugs. Educators, from elementary school all the way up to college, use animals as parts of the teaching process, including dissecting worms, and frogs in science classes to medical students using animals to learn surgical techniques. Scientists study animals to learn more about certain species: its history, its psychological and social behaviors, and its skills. If the animals are kept in captivity, they can be caused pain that isnt natural part of its environment. A number of organizations wish to replace and reduce the number of animals being used or, at the very least, lessen the pain. Rats and mice make up 85-90% of animals used in research, education, and testing. Rabbits, guinea pigs, hamsters, dogs, cats, and non-human primates are studied as well. Dogs and Cats make up about 1% of research animals. The certain animal depends on what is being studied. The majority of rats and mice are bred specifically for research. Half of the dogs and cats that are used are bred for that purpose too. Animal dealers are the primary source for the rest. Animal dealers must be licensed by the USDA, or the United States Department of Agriculture and have to obey the standards of care set up by the Animal Welfare Act. h Alternatives to Animal Testing Alternative methods fall into three main categories, also known as the three Rs: Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement. Replacement is when animals are replaced, either by absolute replacement, which is when an animal is completely replaced, or by relative replacement, just cells and tissues are used, instead of the whole animal. Replacement isnt always an option although, for those animals that do undergo testing, scientists try to lessen the pain and make the animals more comfortable. Replacement isnt considered an option anymore-it has become daily. A few years ago, when a woman wanted to find out whether or not she was pregnant, she had to stop at a laboratory and get a test that involved killing a rabbit. Nowadays, she can buy and over-the-counter kit that tests her for certain chemicals. Computers are a new high-tech method of replacement. For example, dissection on a computer model instead of real, live frogs, which I would prefer! People are becoming increasingly popular when it comes time for the needs for volunteers for new facial and skin products. Reduction is the second method involves sharing research animals. For one example, if one scientist doing a study on the lungs of a sheep, when it comes time to kill the sheep he will allow the others to use his kidneys, liver or heart. Refinement being the third choice means to reduce any pain and suffering that the animal is going through. Techniques that are less hostile to the animal can also be considered refinement. Researchers can use ultrasound or an MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) to see what is going on inside the animal instead of cutting into it. The cosmetics industry, which 20 years ago tested all its products on animals has come so close to stopping using animals. Many companies have reduced the use of whole-animal testing by 80 V 90%. Some have eliminated it completely. Since the 80s many companies have put serious amounts of money and effort into a search for alternatives for animal testing. Plus, most ingredients that are being used today have already been tested on an animal and have shown to be safe. h What kinds of tests are being done? The chronic-toxicity tests assess the effects of long-term exposure, often at low levels, to certain subjects. Acute-toxicity tests evaluate the risk of short-term exposure, accidental contact with eyes, skin and indigestion. There have two

Best Websites to Learn English

Best Websites to Learn English Best Websites to Learn English Best Websites to Learn English By Sharon Whether you are learning English as a second language or trying to polish your already adequate grammar and style skills, the seven websites below can help. 1. Memrise Memrise is an online flashcard website where people can upload their own flashcard stacks. You can find a range of topics ranging from Geography to Electronics to Fashion. These flashcards are great if you want to learn English vocabulary for specific topics, as the majority of flashcards come with pictures and sounds to aid your learning. Even if you know English very well, Memrise can help you learn higher-level English, with flashcards covering SAT and GRE English, and more. 2. Duolingo If your first language is not English, and you are confused about where to go first, I suggest Duolingo. Duolingo is a language-learning website that transforms the language-learning process into a game. You are given tasks like matching words to flashcards, picking the most appropriate word for a sentence, writing what you hear, and more, all in your native language. Duolingo will help you take your English abilities in reading, writing, listening, and speaking, to a basic conversational level once you finish the course. From there, you can take the reverse course, translating from English into your native language. The learning never stops at Duolingo. I often find myself redoing the courses to solidify my abilities. 3. Dictionary.com Everyone, at one time or another, needs a dictionary. There are hundreds of thousands of words in the English language and not many people know them all. Everyone, from the most basic of beginners to the more advanced speakers of the English language, should bookmark Dictionary.com for future reference. You never know when you will need to learn what a word means, like hesperidium. Use that in a sentence! 4. Readable.io Sometimes, the best learning happens when we teach ourselves. It is one thing to learn from others, but we can really solidify the lessons learnt by going over our own mistakes, and correcting them. Readable.io checks your typed text for you, highlighting your ease and ability at writing. Using readability scores, text analytics, keyword densities, and sentiment analysis, you can learn where your writing skills are lacking, and how to correct them. This website can be a very valuable tool for the self-taught writer. I used it all throughout school on academic paper drafts. 5. Purdue Online Writing Lab Run by Purdue University, the Purdue Online Writing Lab can teach you how to form grammatically-perfect sentences. Although the website is meant for university-level students, anyone can improve their grammar and abilities in English via the site. You can learn how to improve your general writing abilities, perform better research and cite that research, and more. There is even a section on English as a Second Language. Regardless of your English abilities, you should use this resource if you are performing research of any kind. From grade-school assignments to masters-level citations, any student can benefit from the Purdue Online Writing Lab. 6. Grammarly Sometimes, you just want to check your grammar, sentence by sentence. Grammarly will provide suggestions based on your written input. You can use this website to increase your vocabulary range and your written skills. There are many words in the English language that can confuse even the most ardent of English speakers. I still meet adults today who misuse â€Å"two,† â€Å"too,† and â€Å"to.† Understanding the differences that words can make in the meanings of sentences is vital to improving your English. While Grammarly is not free, it is worth every penny. 7. Upwork While Upwork is not exactly a website where you can learn English, it can help you improve your reading, writing, and speaking abilities by helping you hire a tutor. Upwork is an online marketplace where you can hire individuals to help you with a variety of things. Rates are affordable and each person offering a service has a complete profile with ratings and review from previous clients. For a reasonable price, you can contract an English tutor to speak with you online and help you with your English. They can help improve your conversational English abilities, grade your written English, teach you new concepts in the English language and more. Due to the versatility, affordability, and accessibility of online marketplaces like Upwork, this resource can be one of the most valuable ones you use as you learn English online. Good luck. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Writing Basics category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:How to Punctuate References to Dates and TimesOne Fell SwoopHow Long Should a Synopsis Be?

Strategic Role of Human Resource Management Assignment

Strategic Role of Human Resource Management - Assignment Example A good place to start this was in the business of home textiles, as the firm successfully established its first renowned brand in the home textiles market in Turkey. Earlier in 1990s, the firm managed to engage itself in the business of electronics after acquiring Vestel Electronics. Zorlu aimed further to expand by taking the plunge into the energy sector in 1996. After ten years, the firm started to initiate another business in the real estate. Today, in Vestel Electronics alone, Zorlu is employing more than 15,000 people, and having 1,050 sales points and 400 after-sales service centres. Having almost 50 companies, Zorlu has now become home to around 30,000 employees who manage to work with the company for the future of providing highly improved quality of life for all. Prior to the actual recognition of potential applicants who would make it through the entire recruitment process, the Zorlu Group is adhering to its policy to select the human resource having a heart to live in its core values. On its website for its Human Resource Policy, the firm states, â€Å"We expect every employee to commit to our group’s shared values† (Zorlu Holding, 2013). This shows that Zorlu would want to become effective in employing its corporate culture and strategy by making sure that the human resource has the adherence to its core values. After passing the tests, the successful applicants would proceed to series of at least 2 or 3 interviews with the HR or the executives in relevant departments who would initiate at some point a competency-based interview (Zorlu, 2009). Those who would make it all the way from the general tests to interviews proceed to offer stage. This is the final part of the recruitment process where the applicants would receive employment contracts if they accept the offer (Zorlu, 2009). This process is a clear indication of optimising the human resource’s potential contribution for organisational benefit (Compton et al., 2009). This also paves the

Marginalized people of the Atlantic world Research Paper

Marginalized people of the Atlantic world - Research Paper Example First of all who are these marginalized people? Since, it is implied from its name that marginalized people are those who were living on margins or on edges. Yes, these are those people who are living on the lines of Atlantic coasts. These people adopted piracy as their only source of income due to many reasons such as racism, biasness, unemployment, unstable economic conditions, governmental ambitions, and many more. This paper discusses each of these reasons in fairly manner and in the justifies the role of pirates in an efficient manner. For years, pirates were the major cause of damage to the Atlantic world. Whatever it looks now, it is because pirates have done lots of destruction in that area. Their cruelties and inhuman activities last for almost thirteen years. It was all started in the end of 17th century and in the start of 18th century. Being accurate, it began in 1715 and ended up in 1728. It might not look a huge period to the listeners or readers but it was an era of ca lamities and disasters for all the victims around the Atlantic world. The piracy was so voguish in that epoch that in the history that time is termed as the Golden Age of Piracy. For pirates yes it was a very blissful and harmonious period of time when they achieved almost everything they aimed for. They gathered lots of gold, silver, and other treasures for them. They were very keen and focused towards their goal of being rich as early as possible. Therefore, they have adopted the shortest and illegal way to collect money for them. Now, let us explore what piracy truly is? And what were the major problems in the Atlantic history? In general terms, Piracy is an extremely criminal activity in which pirates plunder ships and communities around a certain area. The piracy executed in the Atlantic region is remembered even today and is considered as the most terrifying act of that eon. In that area, piracy was at its peak because there were lots of opportunities for this kind of inhuman activity. All the trade from the Europe to Africa went through this passage and pirates found it an excellent occasion for themselves. This trade between Europe and Africa has truly flourished piracy in its actual means. The pirates of that area were mostly belonged to Europe i.e. from Scotland, England, Wales, Ireland, and so on. Few of them were from Africa i.e. France, Portugal, Denmark, Belgium, Sweden, and so on. I think that is enough of what piracy is? Now let us bend the discussion of the paper towards the other side of story and that is what made these pirates, actually pirate? And also, why those people preferred piracy as their occupation and rejected all other reputable vocations? Generally, being a common man we just comment on what happened and do not think about why this happened. Whereas there is a valid reason behind everything, that is why whenever we talk about a crime, we should keep in mind that there are few things that should not be overlooked while considerin g anyone a criminal. Firstly, what is the mental condition of the person who has committed the crime? Secondly, what crime has been committed and in what scenarios? And last but not the least, the location where the crime has been committed? Though laws for all sorts of crimes are there and it does not accept these things but as we are human beings, we can think the other way and thus we should keep in mind these things while coming to any decision regarding any person. There were many reasons for which people of the Atlantic world have chosen piracy as their profession instead of doing otherwise. The later part of this

Cultural Oppression Essay Example for Free

Cultural Oppression Essay Both African Americans and Asian Americans have suffered racial discrimination, slavery, persecution, difficulty in receiving citizenship even though their children were born in the United States and challenges in demonstrating their cultural identity. They experienced difficulty in classifying themselves as purely American because of their outward appearance. Moreover, they always tend to feel insulted that white Americans will always judge them by stereotypes, not by what they really are. African Americans have suffered dual consciousness in the United States, always struggling to receive social and economic equality, both as a Negro and an American. Although political equality has been granted to African Americans, they still suffered inequality in terms of achieving social and economic wealth. The effects of cultural oppression on African Americans have put them at high probability of suffering continued hindrances to achieve societal empowerment and affirmation. However, the richness of African cultures that place importance on collective lifestyle has helped African Americans to be accepted in the United States. Asian Americans were pressured to learn how they could assimilate themselves into different cultural society in the country. The cultural oppression suffered by Asian Americans has helped them to establish their own community in order for them to become self-sufficient. The impact of the Eastern philosophies, Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism, on Asian culture has helped families to become paternally oriented and hierarchical. The notable reason why some Asians have the tendency to avoid debate and discussion or to appear indecisive is because of these philosophies that teach them principles of harmony, balance and peace. This Asian culture has provided them to act in a positive way and to learn the importance of having self-knowledge about how others behave towards them. Reference Information on Specific Cultural Groups. Retrieved April 17, 2009, from http://education. byu. edu/diversity/culture. html.

Ralf Michaels: The Detroit Principles as Global Background

Ralf Michaels: The Detroit Principles as Global Background INTRODUCTION: The article which is being critically evaluated in this essay is, Ralf Michaels, THE UNIDROIT PRINCIPLES AS GLOBAL BACKGROUND LAW (2014) 19(4) Uniform Law Review 1-22. In this essay the research objectives of the article will be seen which will be taking us through the actual study and research and will also tell us the actual purpose. Following this the research methodology of the article will be assessed which will show the data collection methods and ways and the purpose of the research study. After this the literature review of the article will be evaluated which will be followed by the research findings of the article. Finally, the essay will be concluded. The conclusion will state weather the research methodology used by the author Ralf Michaels was relevant for their study or not. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES: The most important thing for any research proposal is defining the main objectives of the research proposal. What is the main point or purpose of the research? What are the research problems that research is focussing upon and, why? Research objectives are the statements which focusses upon the identification and description of variables and on finding the relationships of variables.[1] Ralf Michaels have developed a very and concise research objective for his study. The general illustrations of the categories and the types of information that the researcher desires to obtain from the study is taken into consideration in research objectives.[2] His study objective was that, the role played by the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC), which is along with the findings concerning the actual use of the Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC). Finally, the use of PICC in private international law, their use to interpret the Contracts for the Int ernational Sale of goods (CISG), their relationship with other non-State codifications, and their relationship with a possible global commercial code is discussed. The objectives main purpose is to mix the hypothesis with the main study, the study objectives should be clearly stated as they define the main aims of the research proposal.[3] And the article written by Ralf Michaels totally justifies it. In the beginning of the article the author is focussing on the role which PICC has played successfully and where it has not. This is followed by the authors suggestion that characterizes the PICC as a non-State code, or even a non- State legal systemfor example, a new lex mercatoria. Finally, the author tells about some implications and their use in private international law, the use of these implications to interpret the UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG), their relationship with other non- State codifications, and their relationship with a possible global commercial code. The research process is a systematic process which is made of patterns so that the data which is not required is not collected and it helps in solving the problem and it involves three main stages. These are: Planning, Data Collection, and Analysis.[4] Ralf Michaels also makes it clear to all the readers the clear research objective of his article by stating in the initial paragraphs that what he wants to say and his inclination towards the PICC and its uses in private international law and interpretation of CISG in international contracts of sale. ARTICLES RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: Research methodology is a way to systematically solve the research problem. The methodology may include publication research, interviews, surveys, and other techniques of research and both historical as well as present information is included. The research methodology should be good to get new ideas.[5] The researcher here has used the doctrinal research methodology for his article. Doctrinal research provides a systematic mixture of the rules that governs the legal category and analyses the relationship between the rules, explaining the area of difficulty.[6] Doctrinal research is concerned with the formulation of legal doctrines through the analysis of legal rules.[7] The researcher in his article has used black letter approach by referring various books, comments and most importantly by referring the work of UNIDROIT and its principles and some other agencies like International Chamber of Commerce (ICC). In doctrinal research, there are systematic formulations of the law contexts. They clarify ambiguities within rules, place them in a logical and coherent structure and describe their relationship to other rules.[8] And per what has been observed in the article by Ralf Michaels he has also referred to a lot many Acts and statutes to make his argument to the point. He has used Part II on the uses of the PICC,[9] PICC as a global background law and PICC as a global commercial code[10] and applicability of PICC along with PICC as an applicable law in the absence of a choice. The dominance of the expository, doctrinal tradition in legal scholarship has already been noted. However, it is important to understand that this is not simply a single, isolated category of scholarship. Some element of doctrinal analysis will be found in all but the most radical forms of legal research. Here are some of the radical forms of research APPLIED (Professional constituency), PURE (Academic constituency), INTERDISCIPLINARY METHODOLOGY (Research about law) and the one which the au thor is using in the article is DOCTRINAL METHODOLOGY (Research in law).[11] Although law reform research appears as a separate category within. Its practitioners emphasise the importance of traditional legal analysis within their socio-legal work. Doctrinal analysis therefore remains the defining characteristics of academic legal research and the account which follows represents an attempt to describe the nature of the methodologies employed within it.[12] Ralf Michaels is also very adamant in his article by following the doctrinal research method. In his article where he just wants to give an idea about PICC and its various uses as background law as well in modern days which is used in interpretation of the commercial sale contracts and also the applicability of PICC. He tries to prove his point by strictly adhering to the black letter approach and using old laws and judgements and law acts and statutes. The nature of legal research depends on the objectives of the researcher. The object may be to investigate the policy which the law should be seeking to implement. This type of research tends to be more theoretical and may require engagement with other disciplines, such as sociology, politics, economics, and philosophy. The doctrinal research methodology is made within the common law as a research method of the main practice. Doctrine is a mixture of various rules, principles, norms, and values. This is doctrinal research.[13] If, however, the same problem is viewed from the perspective of a principled analysis of the law, different questions would be asked. The starting point will be to determine what the relevant cases decide. After that the researcher will determine whether any relevant principles can be distilled from those cases, then identify the policy which underpins the principle and finally consider whether the law is right. One of the main purpose of a research is to make reasonable conclusions about the population under investigation from the results realized from a sample.[14] If the principle does not accurately reflect the policy then the law may be wrong and the researcher will consider other alternative solutions to the problem. This is a much more academic approach to doctrinal research, since it looks beyond the mere solution of the problem to the identification of a defensible rationale which underpins the detailed rules.[15] Principles of the legal research methods are tailored to the needs of the researchers. Various issues like the participatory and community based research as well as empirical methods are also examined along with the principle approaches which are commonly used in the legal research. The emphasis is being put on how the research is being done instead of the what is being done. This has become the nature of legal research.[16] This also hinders the researchers from getting enough information on the topic under investigation. The essential features of doctrinal research methods are that it involves the analysis of the legal concepts and in this research conventional sources of data are used. Doctrinal legal research focusses upon the data  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   which is collected from the cases, statues, legal concepts, law reports as well as relevant text books. Since, the doctrinal legal research is the research of the black letters of the law, therefore, the ascertainment of law is required and is necessary. The research of a doctrinal legal researcher is based on the secondary data which is relevant to his proposition. Doctrinal legal research is not about research about law but it is a research which is into law and legal concepts.[17] Ralf Michaels in this article The Unidroit principles as global background law tries to use the same methodology by identifying the rule of law and describing the factual situation and then concluding with all the laws and the facts. The author who is disturbed with the fac t that there is misuse of the comparative law as tool of law reform have tried the doctrinal research approach or the black letter approach as the methodology of the article. ETHICAL ISSUES EXPLORED IN THE ARTICLE: Ethics are the principles and guidelines which helps us in understanding and determining the things which are morally right and justifiable. Many ethical issues are widely differed in research. Some writers disagree on the points that weather they are ethically acceptable in social research or not. If there is any unethical research then it may be associated with a research methods, like the disguised observation and deception in experiments.[18] The ethical issues can be raised in all parts of the research like the definition, parts where the research objectives have been defined, where the hypothesis have been defined, part of the literature review, data collection points, data editing and cleaning, choice of the methods, conclusions, and recommendations and the referencing.[19] Research that poses potential harm, risk, or danger to the participant is not allowed, unless the beneà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ t of the research outweighs the risks and full informed consent is given. Psychologists and their assistants are also responsible for conducting themselves ethically and for treating the participants in an ethical manner always.[20] Ethics apply at every stage of the research. The research is dependent on the goodwill as for the goodwill of the individuals and the respondents and their willingness to give the personal information. Trust is also a very important factor in ethics, as weather the decision makers trust the researchers to provide accurate information. Finally, comes the professionalism and confidentiality in ethics in research.[21] A research must be conducted in a safe an ethical manner. While carrying a research a researcher must ensure that the rights of the research subjects are not violated in any manner.[22] There are few ethical considerations, which are as follows: Informed Consent Invasion of Privacy and confidentiality Deception Protection from harm Data Protection Affiliation and Conflict of Interest[23] In the article by Ralf Michaels, he also strictly followed the ethical standards which made a significant contribution to the quality and integrity of the study. In the first part of his article Ralf Michaels also mentioned in the beginning of the article the author is focussing on the role which PICC has played successfully and where it has not. This is followed by the authors suggestion that characterizes the PICC as a non-State code, or even a non- State legal systemfor example, a new lex mercatoria. Finally, the author tells about some implications and their use in private international law, the use of these implications to interpret the UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG), their relationship with other non- State codifications, and their relationship with a possible global commercial code. he totally has no intentions to criticize comparative law as an academic discipline nor he intends to put the doubt on the utility of development of comparati ve law. These statements by the author of the article proves that he strictly adheres to the ethical standards. Psychologists, as well as their assistants, are responsible for maintaining the dignity and welfare of all participants. This obligation also entails protecting them from harm, unnecessary risks, or mental and physical discomfort that may be inherent in the research procedure. Scientific research work, as all human activities, is governed by individual, community, and social values. Research ethics involve requirements on daily work, the protection of dignity of subjects and the publication of the information in the research.[24] ARTICLES LITERATURE REVIEW: Review of the literature is a summary as well as the critical analysis of the relevant article which is being researched and which is the topic that is being studied. The main aim of the literature review is to update the reader with the current present literature as well as the justification for future research in the area. A good literature review is one which collects and gathers information from various sources. The information is about a subject. A literature review should be structured perfectly and its structuring is very important to enhance the flow and readability of the review.[25] There are a few types of literature review, these are: Traditional or Narrative Literature Review Systematic Literature Review[26] Conducting a deep review of past studies serves three main functions[27]. It helps the researcher to make himself familiar with the content, conclusions, and methodology of past studies along with the problems or need of the research and to show the main issues which has a relevance with the study. In this way, the researcher can understand wide context of the research which is related to the specific issue, problem or need, along with this it also helps in avoiding duplication of the available research, particularly outdated or flawed research. Reviewing literature on the previous studies makes the researcher coming across the benefits and drawbacks of different methods and methodologies for research. Literature reviews should objectively report the current knowledge on a topic and provide a summary of the best available research from previously published studies related to a specific topic. The synthesis of a literature reviewed provides an informed perspective or a comprehensive overview of the knowledge available on the topic. The detailed overview should be written in such a way as to provide clarity and promote understanding by the reader. Clinicians and researchers use literature reviews in decision making as well as to identify, justify and refine hypothesis and to recognize and avoid pitfalls in previous research. Literature reviews afford a means for validating assumptions and opinions and providing insight into the dynamics underlying the findings of other studies and they may offer more conclusive results than a single primary research study. Some specific purpose of literature review is to provide a theoretical framework for a specific topic under study. Then define relevant or key terms and important variables used for a study or manuscript development. Then to provide a synthesize overview of current evidence for practice to gain new perspective and support assumptions and opinions presented in a manuscript using research studies and so forth. Then to identify the main methodology and research techniques previously used and lastly to demonstrate the gap in the literature, pointing to the significance of the problem and need for the quality improvement project to be conducted.[28] The literature review conveys the previous knowledge and facts to the reader, which are established on a topic. It also conveys the strengths and weaknesses of the topic to the reader. It updates the reader with the exact state of the research in a field and tells if there are any contradictions which may challenge the findings of the research studies. Literature review helps in improving the research methodologies as well as the tools which are used in the research investigation. It also provides the researchers with the knowledge about the problems which the previous researchers might have faced while studying the same topic.[29] A literature review is an evaluative report of studies found in the literature related to your selected area.   The review should describe, summarize, evaluate, and clarify this literature. It should give a theoretical basis for the research and help you determine the nature of your own research. Select a limited number of works that are central to your area rather than trying to collect many works that are not as closely connected to your topic area.[30] Hence in the article by Ralf Michaels, he has taken a care about the literature review and hence the issues, the methods, conclusions, and the methodology are done in a very systematic manner and in a very nice way and that shows the real success of his study. FINDINGS OF THE RESEARCHER: In the article The Unidroit principles as global background law the author Ralf Michaels aims to try and tell the people the role played by the principles of UNIDROIT after so many years of existence, and that the role played is quite different from the one which was originally intended.The researcher also present nine facts and findings which were regarding the actual use of the PICC, which can be assessed based on published opinions, legislation, and scholarship. Then the researcher findings are used to suggest that the PICC should be viewed as a code or even a non-state law, instead its a restatement of global general contract law and its function is that of a background law. Finally, the researcher discusses implications of these findings for concrete questions: their use in private international law, their use to interpret the CISG, their relationship with other non-State codifications, and their relationship with a possible global commercial code. Ralf Michaels has made sure th at all the findings are errorless which enhanced their validity and reliability. So therefore, here it can be said that the findings by the researcher are relevant and up to the mark. CONCLUSION: It can be now concluded that Ralf Michaels conducted a very nice and thorough research about the PICC as a principle, its uses and its applicability and functions. How it is used in interpreting CISG and its relation with other non-state codifications. He keeps his focus on the uses of PICC along with its applicability and its relation with other non-state codifications along with its importance in interpreting the CISG. Also, the success of the research can be accredit by the fine use the methodology by the researcher. Ralf Michaels was very optimistic to use the doctrinal approach or the so called black letter approach for his research. This methodology of research helped Ralf Michaels to gather all the facts from the cases and the laws from previous judgement and helped him to put his agreement forward in a very sensible and confident way. Due to the doctrinal research method, he was able to compare the laws and he was able to put forward what he wanted to say. The study design us ed by the researcher is also very commendable. Ralf Michaels always tried to explain his point by using and giving references from others work in the related field along with background laws and statues which made his research really interesting and also very strong. The researcher made five parts of his article along with sub parts to the main parts so that he can try to prove his point very nicely and with that five parts of the article he really managed to pull his article to good level of success. The ethical issues are also covered in the article and the researcher has done that very skilfully. Nowhere in the article we can pick up any bad words or the insults to anybody. The article was written very precise and satisfactory. REFERENCE LIST: file:///storage/emulated/O/Download/Research_Methods_Session_04.pdf> accessed 8 January 2017 Bailey, F. 2014 The Origin and Success of Qualitative Research, International Journal of Market Research, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 167-184 Can J Surg, Research Questions, Hypothesis and Objectives (2010) 52(4) 280 Dr. Wanjohi J, Research Objectives Presentation 26 June 2014 SPS, (2014) http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/research-methodology.html> accessed 10 January 2017 accessed 10 January 2017 Knight A and Ruddock L (eds), Advanced research methods in the built environment (Wiley-Blackwell (an imprint of John Wiley Sons Ltd) 2008) Chynoweth P, Legal research in the built environment: A methodological framework (2011) Ralf Michaels, The UNIDROIT principles as global background law (2014) 19(4) Uniform Law Review 1-22 Chynoweth P, Legal research in the built environment: A methodological framework (2011) Duncan, N.J. Hutchinson, Defining and describing what we do: Doctrinal legal research (2012) 17(1) Deakin Law Review 83-84 Bryman, A. 2012, Social Research Methods. Oxford: OUP Oxford Cahillane L and Schweppe J 9eds), Legal research methods: Principles and Practicalities (Clarus Press 2016) http://www.academia.edu/15065282/Doctrinal_Legal_Research> accessed 11 January 2017 MaiJoy, Ranjeeta Lamba (2 September 2011) www.slideshare.net/MaiJoy/research-methodology-ethical-issues-in-research-an-assignment> accessed 11 January 2017 A BRIEF HISTORY OF ETHICAL CONCERNS, accessed 11 January 2017 Fouka G and Mantzorou M, What are the Major Ethical Issues in Conducting Research? Is there a Conflict between the Research Ethics and the Nature of Nursing? 5(1) Health Science Journal 3-14 Cronin P, Ryan F, and Coughlan M, Undertaking a literature review: A step-by-step approach (2008) 17(1) British Journal of Nursing 38-43 Lamb, D. 2013 Research in the First Person: Reflection on the Research Experience Using a Research Journal, Market Social Research, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 32-39. Baker JD, The purpose, process, and methods of writing a literature review (2016) 103(3) AORN Journal 265-269 Path N and Nursing path, Niharika pedamallu (7 May 2013) https://www.slideshare.net/mobile/drjayeshpatidar/literature-review-in-research accessed 14 January 2017 Purpose of the literature review, (2008) http://library.queensu.ca/webedu/grad/Purpose_of_the_Literature_Review.pdf> accessed 14 January 2017 [1] file:///storage/emulated/O/Download/Research_Methods_Session_04.pdf> accessed 8 January 2017 [2] Bailey, F. 2014 The Origin and Success of Qualitative Research, International Journal of Market Research, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 167-184 [3] Can J Surg, Research Questions, Hypothesis and Objectives (2010) 52(4) 280 [4] Dr. Wanjohi J, Research Objectives Presentation 26 June 2014 SPS, (2014) [5] http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/research-methodology.html> accessed 10 January 2017 [6] accessed 10 January 2017 [7] Knight A and Ruddock L (eds), Advanced research methods in the built environment (Wiley-Blackwell (an imprint of John Wiley Sons Ltd) 2008) [8] Chynoweth P, Legal research in the built environment: A methodological framework (2011) [9] Ralf Michaels, The UNIDROIT principles as global background law (2014) 19(4) Uniform Law Review 1-22 [10] ibid [11] Chynoweth P, Legal research in the built environment: A methodological framework (2011) [12] ibid [13] Duncan, N.J. Hutchinson, Defining and describing what we do: Doctrinal legal research (2012) 17(1) Deakin Law Review 83-84 [14]Bryman, A. 2012, Social Research Methods. Oxford: OUP Oxford [15] ibid [16] Cahillane L and Schweppe J 9eds), Legal research methods: Principles and Practicalities (Clarus Press 2016) [17] http://www.academia.edu/15065282/Doctrinal_Legal_Research> accessed 11 January 2017 [18] MaiJoy, Ranjeeta Lamba (2 September 2011) www.slideshare.net/MaiJoy/research-methodology-ethical-issues-in-research-an-assignment> accessed 11 January 2017 [19] ibid [20] A BRIEF HISTORY OF ETHICAL CONCERNS, accessed 11 January 2017 [21] MaiJoy, Ranjeeta Lamba (2 September 2011) www.slideshare.net/MaiJoy/research-methodology-ethical-issues-in-research-an-assignment> accessed 11 January 2017 [22] ibid [23] ibid [24] Fouka G and Mantzorou M, What are the Major Ethical Issues in Conducting Research? Is there a Conflict between the Research Ethics and the Nature of Nursing? 5(1) Health Science Journal 3-14 [25] Cronin P, Ryan F, and Coughlan M, Undertaking a literature review: A step-by-step approach (2008) 17

Across a Hundred Mountains Short Essay Essay

The novel Across a Hundred Mountains by Reyna Grande is a story about two young girls and their struggling journey to find happiness between two conflicting and distinct worlds: the United States and Mexico. Juana on one side wants to get to the United States, or â€Å"el otro lado† as mentioned in the novel, to find her father who abandoned her and her mother after leaving to find work in the US. On the other hand Adelina escapes from her house in California to follow her lover to Mexico. The girls form a bond in the most unexpected of places, a Tijuana jail, and quickly form a friendship that will connect them for the rest of their lives. Through Juana’s story, Reyna, impersonates the journey and struggles that many people have to endure to get to the United States so they can have a better life for them and their families. Juana’s main motivation to cross over to the other side is to find her father that â€Å"abandoned† her and her mother when she was still a little girl, but she is also driven by harsh living conditions, oppression by a corrupt government, and hunger. Throughout her youth in Mexico Juana encounters many problems, both emotional and physical and these later encourage her to look for a better life in the United States. When she is twelve she is left in charge taking care of her baby sister in a flooded house while her mother goes out and looks for her father who still hasn’t returned from work. The next day as her father wakes her, she sees that her sister is missing and the baby is found drowned in the depths of the water of her flooded house. Juana has to deal with the guilt of her sister’s death, causing her great emotional and physical pain. As if things were not bad enough, this is not the only thing that Juana has to endure throughout her youth. After her sister’s death, her father leaves for â€Å"el otro lado† in search of work, leaving behind the debt of her sister’s funeral. No money is sent from the United States to pay the debt, so Juana has to sustain seeing her mother become a prostitute for Don Elias, the man her father owes money to. In Mexico all Juana finds are harsh living conditions and oppression that later give her strength to start her journey to the United States. Over time Juana has a more pleasant experience in the United States due to the kindness of strangers such as Don Ernesto but finds no peace until she recovers her father’s ashes and releases them where they belong. In the state of Guerrero, Mexico. The other main character of the story is Adelina a girl who leaves her home in California to go to Mexico. Adelina is driven out of the United States because her family won’t accept her relationship with her lover, so they both decide to go to Tijuana, a city in Mexico. Not much is said about Adelina’s experienced in the United States. What we do know is that she had a family that loved her, but she decided to leave it all behind to be together with her boyfriend Gerardo. In Mexico she finds nothing but shame and misery because Gerardo could not find a job and the only way for them to make money was for her to be a prostitute. Besides having to expose her body, Adelina, is physically and emotionally mistreated by her boyfriend until it finally leads to her death when she tells him that she is going back to the United States with Juana. My Personal Experience Juana’s and Adelina’s stories are slightly similar to mine but overall they are quite different. Me and my sister were born here in the United States. I was born in San Diego, California and she was born in Phoenix, Arizona. When I was little I lived in Tijuana for eight years and we had a nice house, but my father decided that me and my sister needed to get a better education so we moved to San Diego in 2002. I have lived there ever since. My father was born in the city of Torreon in the state of Coahuila, Mexico, but he applied for his US citizenship at a young age and they granted it to him so when we moved to San Diego all of us where US citizens except my mother but she recently obtained it too. To some extent you could say that both Juana and I were looking for a better life here in the United States, but my journey here was much smoother because we did not have to cross over to â€Å"el otro lado† illegally and we were not oppressed by harsh living conditions like Juana. Even today I still visit Tijuana almost every weekend because most of my family is over there. I know my way around there almost the same as I know my way around San Diego. I can definitely say that Mexico has a corrupt government and many poor colonies, but there is much beauty to be seen there and not just in Tijuana city but all 32 of Mexico’s states. Beauty that surpasses that of any of the 50 states of the United States.