Impact of Global Warming on Coastal Wetlands Essay -- Climate Change,

Impact of Global Warming on Coastal WetlandsProfessors comment Jane wrote this look into paper for my Advanced Composition course. The assignment asks the students to read and understand six to ten articles within a research argona of their choice, then synthesize the training so that a reader can quickly understand the present state of research in that area. Jane chose to look at how increased fill and brininess might affect coastal wetland soils and species, and she organized the material clearly and effectively. What I liked particularly about this review was that it moved logically from the effects of flooding and salinity on wetland soils to the effects on the plants growing there to the overall effects on the wetland, both in terms of species composition and, more drastically, wetland survival. The sleeper with global climate change puts this local chain of cause and effect into a larger perspective. Introduction Global climate change, rising sea levels and anthropog enic factors are creating increased flooding and salinity levels in coastal wetland areas. (Conner, 1994 Flynn et al., 1995 Webb et al., 1995 Conner and Askew, 1993 Allen et al., 1995 McCarron et al., 1998 Baldwin and Mendelssohn, 1998). Increased flooding and salinity levels can affect wetland soil parameters, and in turn, wetland associated plant species (Baldwin and Mendelssohn, 1998). Although rough species are more tolerant to these conditions, most species demonstrate physiological responses and decreased survival at increased flooding and salinity levels. Therefore, changes in wetland species composition are expected unless intolerant species can adapt to heightened flooding and salinity levels imposed by changing environmental... ... 255-268. Conner, W.H. and Askew, G.R. (1993). Impact of Saltwater Flooding on Red Maple, Redbay, and Chinese Tallow Seedlings. Castanea58(3) 214-219 Conner, W.H. (1994). The Effect of Salinity and Waterlogging on Growth and Survival of Baldcyp ress and Chinese Tallow Seedlings. Journal of Coastal Research10(4) 1045-1049. Flynn, K.M., McKee, K.L., and Mendelssohn, I.A. (1995). Recovery of freshwater marsh vegetation after a saltwater intrusion event. Oecologia103 63-72. McCarron, J-K., McLeod, K.W., and Conner, W.H. (1998). Flood and Salinity Stress of Wetland Woody Species, Buttonbush (Cephalanthus occidentalis)and Swamp Tupelo (Nyssa sylvatica var. biflora). Wetlands18(2) 165-l 75. Webb, E.C., Mendelssohn, I.A., and Wilsey, B.J. (1995). Causes for vegetation dieback in a Louisiana salt marsh A bioassay approach. Aquatic Botany5 1 28 l-289.

The Technology of Landing on Mars :: Computers Space Papers

The Technology of Landing on Mars While yet traveling to Mars is a difficult task, democracying on the major planet has proved to be next to impossible, with only a small fraction of the move landings ending in success. Over the years there have been several different designs of Martian landers that have attempted to slip past the proverbial astronomical ghoul protecting the planet Mars. However, few of these designs have fared successful at landing smoothly. These technologies have ranged from the original Viking using aero braking and rocket power, to the Mars Pathfinder complaints novel air bag solution. In order to gain insight into the surface of the red planet, landing is a must. Thus, the potential solutions and their benefits and drawbacks must be examined.The Purpose Delta V RequirementTo get from orbit around Mars to the surface requires a significant amount of braking. First, the lander in orbit has a jumbo amount of gravitational energy with respect to the surfa ce of the planet. Second, orbiting the planet requires a certain velocity that will be greater than the velocity of rotation of the planet for a low orbit, this excess velocity must be bled off as well.Energy requirements they are usually expressed in terms of the shift in velocity necessity for a given maneuver, or delta-v. To escape from a planet requires a certain increase in velocity and to land requires a certain decrease. Either way, however, energy is required in absolute terms, the energy required to land should match the energy required to escape. Escaping the surface of the landed estate requires about 11,000 m/s of delta-v. To travel to Mars orbit about 6,000 m/s is required. The smallest portion of the delta-v required is the approximately 5,000 m/s necessary to land on the surface of Mars. (Clarke 221). However, what makes this one of the most interesting phase of the trip is that whereas we pretty much know what to expect from the first two legs of the trip, what ty pes of situations we may encounter on landing are largely unknown.How To Methods of LandingThere are several different options to lower the velocity of the lander once it has reached the planet. These options are mostly used in combination with one another for maximum effect. Each has its own advantages and drawbacks, but in combination, some of these can be alleviated.Aerodynamic castThe most broadly used, and most useful, of the speed-reduction mechanisms fall under the category of aerodynamic drag.

Isaac Asimov, Mind of a Child Essay -- essays research papers

     Throughout history man has always had a smart as a whip imagination. In prehistoric times, old man used to write stories, tales and such(prenominal) upon their cave dwelling walls. These were performed finished the use of symbols. These symbols, called hieroglyphics, portrayed the thoughts and creativity of their authors. Boszhardt at once verbalize while talking about the cave pictures in Wisconsin, "When I first visited the cave, I was skeptical about the possible art that Daniel had written to me about, But once my flashlight came upon some of the drawings, there was no question that this was authentic Native American art. The birds, deer, and bow hunters are of styles that had to be prehistoric, and the charcoal had been absorbed into the rock. I was literally stunned--this was real, this was old, and there was a lot of it."In ancient Egypt, we also find such displays of messages and stories. Weve all heard of such writings in the pyramids an d such. The most splendiferous display of these messages lies in the Mexico Desert with its mile long pictures created by who are believed to be Aztecs.      These messages from the very beginning offered new, unique views and ideas upon existing scenarios. Ancient authors who had witnessed and read such symbols got their own ideas and developed their own style of writing and stories. This is has happened throughout history and is most prevalent in todays society.      In the early 1900s technology began to boom. Many tales of science fantasy were created. The imagination of many was stirred violently as America and the U.S.S.R. were neck and neck in the Space hotfoot?. Magical tales of aliens and Martians were shaped by the twisted and horrifically minds of authors such as Isaac Asimov. Many remember the comical well-nigh, ridiculous movies of the early nineteen fifties. At that time though, many believed them to be real and were frightened beyond normal convention. Many authors in this era began to evolve, much how the earlier ancient writers evolved themselves.      I will give you a brief biography of Isaac Asimov to allow you to understand his writing better and relinquish the ideas captured within his works. Throughout his amazing and fantastical life he has written almost five hundred astonishing works. While not... ..., Robot is a collection of short stories written by the science fiction author himself, Isaac Asimov. He facility out the principles of robot behavior that we know as the Three Laws of Robotics. A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm? (choen, Lindsay. I,Robot) Contained in this whimsical collection are stories of robots gone mad, mind-reading robots, robots with a sense of humor, robot politicians, and robots that secretly run the world, all told with Asimovs trademark dramatic blend of science fact and science fiction. This collection has set the boundaries and set a certain criteria for other authors to retrace and keep consistency in their stories involving robots and other forms of artificial intelligence.      Throughout time many innovators come and go. For some of these great men we remember not however their accomplishments but them as a person. Many of our modern technologies were developed or founded by one man, but do we know their names? Isaac Asimov must be considered one of the few innovators whom have not only shaped a new idea into reality but have also kept their legacy along with it.

malaria Essay -- essays research papers

It is one of the ten deadliest diseases of all time. It effects men, women, children, and animals. It is in full force in Africa, India, Asia, China, South America, and the Caribbean. This disease is malaria. about 40 percent of the worlds population lives in areas that are effected by the disease. Malaria is a serious, infectious disease spread by trustworthy mosquitoes. It is caused by infection with the Plasmodium genus of the protozoan parasite. More than one hundred species of this parasite exist. It is capable of infecting reptiles, birds, rodents, and primates. Four species infect human organisms, the most common being P.vivax and P. falciparum. Many animals can get malaria but human malaria does not spread to animals. In turn, animal malaria does not spread to humans. A person becomes infected with malaria when bitten by a female mosquito who pocesses the malaria parasite. The parasite enters the blood stream and travels to the liver, where they multiply. When they re-emer ge into the blood stream symptoms appear. By the time most symptoms show up, the parasites have reproduced very rapidly, obstruct blood vessels and rupturing cells.Malaria cannot be casually transmitted. Instead an infected mosquito bites someone with it, and then passes the disease on to the next person bit. It is also possible to spread malaria through and through contaminated needles or in bl...

Pollution Essay: Effects of Global Warming :: Climate Change

An issue that has been stirring up controversy all over the news and in the current presidential debate is global warming. The effects have been seen all over the world and global warming is quickly becoming a major topic of concern. spherical warming is the increase of the earths temperature. When the earths temperature increases, we have a climate change. When this climate change occurs, so do the changes in the sea level, rainfall, wildlife, and this obviously affects humans. (Globalwarming) It is caused by the release of carbon dioxide also known as Co2. Carbon dioxide is released by the use of man made fossil fuels, such as oil, coal and naturals gasses. Co2 traps heat inside the earths atmosphere that would usually be in outer space, which causes the Greenhouse Effect. As the earths surface heats it becomes too warm to live in and many people, animals and plants will suffer. (EPA)The earths temperature naturally changes over the years, but over the last fractional of centur y, the record high temperatures drastically increased. Scientists have even warned us that in the last ten years we have had record high temperatures, which means the bonny temperatures in the United States could increase up to nine degrees. (NDRC)A major result of global warming that I have noticed by surviving in Florida is that it is making the hurricanes affectionateer and more(prenominal) treacherous. Every year, Florida gets hit by hurricanes and tropical storms, but during the last five years the damages have really increased. on that point has been lots of damage done to my home and neighborhood. As a resident of Florida, I have to take more precautions when these storms hit, because I never know how strong they can become. We have had our roof blown off, flood damage and trees falling over in our home. Global warming makes the ocean water warmer, which makes the storms much more powerful. They can easily jump from a category 2 to a category 4 storm. Again, there has be en lots of damage done to my home and my neighborhood. (NDRC) another(prenominal) frightening effect of Global warming is the rising of the sea levels. Scientists have discovered that this could eventually lead to coastal flooding. Areas in the United States that could be to a great extent affected are all of the eastern sea board, areas of Gulf of Mexico, and almost all of Florida.

Pollution Essay: Effects of Global Warming :: Climate Change

An issue that has been stirring up controversy all over the news and in the flow presidential debate is global warming. The effects have been seen all over the world and global warming is quickly becoming a major guinea pig of concern. Global warming is the increase of the states temperature. When the earths temperature increases, we have a climate change. When this climate change occurs, so do the changes in the sea level, rainfall, wildlife, and this obviously affects humans. (Globalwarming) It is caused by the release of carbon dioxide also experiencen as Co2. Carbon dioxide is released by the use of man made fossil fuels, such(prenominal) as oil, coal and naturals gasses. Co2 traps heat inside the earths atmosphere that would usually be in outer space, which causes the Greenhouse Effect. As the earths surface heats it becomes too warm to live in and many people, animals and plants will suffer. (EPA)The earths temperature naturally changes over the years, but over the locomo te half of century, the record high temperatures drastically increased. Scientists have even warned us that in the last ten years we have had record high temperatures, which instrument the average temperatures in the United States could increase up to nine degrees. (NDRC)A major result of global warming that I have noticed by living in Florida is that it is making the hurricanes stronger and more treacherous. Every year, Florida gets hit by hurricanes and tropical storms, but during the last five years the damages have in reality increased. There has been lots of damage done to my household and neighborhood. As a resident of Florida, I have to take more precautions when these storms hit, because I never know how strong they can become. We have had our roof blown off, flood damage and trees falling over in our home. Global warming makes the ocean water warmer, which makes the storms a lot more powerful. They can easily jump from a category 2 to a category 4 storm. Again, there ha s been lots of damage done to my home and my neighborhood. (NDRC) Another frightening effect of Global warming is the rising of the sea levels. Scientists have discovered that this could eventually lead to coastal flooding. Areas in the United States that could be heavily affected are all of the eastern sea board, areas of Gulf of Mexico, and almost all of Florida.

Conditions of the Vietnam War Essay

When piting in a war, the brave soldiers are non only up against their enemy, but also against the chaotic obstacles born on the battle celestial sphere. The constant noise of slaughter, the gut-wrenching bear and the omnipresent fear of stopping point were all elements of war that the soldiers had to coexist with. The odds of walking home after a war are extremely rare and those who were lucky large to survive were unlucky enough to have had witnessed indescribable scenes of blood and murder. Those who have confronted the wrath of war are left psychologically traumatised and mentally unstable.The fighting conditions during the Vietnam War were excruciatingly tough. The Australian and American troops were forced to fight in a variety of weathers, including the tropical rains and blazing heat. Fighting in environments and conditions they were not yet accustomed to, they were drained of their force and were demanded high levels of endurance. For some soldiers, the dry season was particularly difficult to fight in. they were required to fight through a haze of dust that penetrated their clothing, filled their pores and worked its style through their eyes and ears, resulting in conjunctivitis and ear infections.One soldier stated, It can be a test of human endeavour inside a noisy metal box all day in forty degree heat, with eighty per cent relative humidity and no one has showered for a week. Soldiers fought with damages to their bodies such as blisters, sunburn and dehydration, making it very difficult to move around and fight to the best of their ability. Other difficulties they faced were the threat of diseases such as malaria and dysentery which is caused by lack of sanitation and dehydration. Spiders, poisonous centipedes, snakes and leeches were some of the deadly creatures the soldiers tried their hardest to avoid.Proper food and clean water was very difficult to compass as well. Soldiers ate from used cans and drank from dirt cover drink bottles. In a land where the ground explodes and it rains bullets, death is inevitable. Soldiers would be knee-deep in thrashing and the vicinity would be infested with the body parts of comrade soldiers. War does not give time for soldiers to grieve and is constantly tainting the earth in the colour of red.Witnessing the death of a comrade is one thing, but to have to crawl, walk and run knowing that you may die a gruesome death at whatever moment is just as painfully terrifying. Soldiers who survived the Vietnam war were diagnosed with permanent paranoia and insanity. Whilst fighting an enemy on the battlefield, soldiers must simultaneously fight fear in their minds. rebel WarfareDuring the Vietnam War, Guerrilla tactics were being put into action. Guerrilla Warfare consisted of small surprise attacks and ambushes instead of operating in major gunfire battles. pose up booby-traps and tripwires were the preferred option as well as digging up complicated systems of underground tunnels in and around small villages. The Vietcong had the home field advantage, they used the rough terrain, thick forests and uneven landscape to their advantage against the American soldiers as they were unfamiliar to such difficult landforms. The Vietcong used their intelligence and stealth to thump the Americans and win the war. They did not wear any uniform so the Americans only saw them as villagers with guns.The Vietcong would also hide behind innocent civilians and use them as a shield against their enemy. They would also dig up American land mines and use the explosives as bombs of their own. Hit-and-run attacks were common and very effective in the fight against the Americans. With dangerous deft, the Vietcong would stealthy attack the Americans and leave before risking capture- incorporating the element of surprise. The Vietcong would escape through a complex network of underground tunnels, oblivious to the Americans. At the lift off of the war, the American soldiers had no idea of the tunnels existence and their unawareness produced great advantage to the Vietcong.The most extensive of the tunnel system laid in the Iron trigon in the Cu Chi distract, which covered approximately 400 kilometres. The Americans highly relied on their helicopters to combat the Vietcongs skilfully hidden death traps. However, the Vietcong turned to effectual machinery as a form of retaliation against the Americans aerial attacks. The Vietcong would set up multiple booby-traps, hidden among the jungle floor of the forests. Majority of the booby-traps were covered in poison and venom which will increase the risk of infection. Some booby traps that were crafted and handmade by the Vietnamese villagers included * The Bear Trap- when stepped on would ferociously clutch ones foot by impaling it with sharp claws* Grenade Traps- a grenade strapped to a tripwire which will instantly explode, leaving no time to escape when triggered * peppy Betty- designed to cut someone in half, when stepped on would result in either paralysis or the complete amputation of a limb * Foot Trap- a sight that was dug knee deep and planted with stakes coated in poison pointing downwards, making it unescapable * Tiger Pit/ Punji Spike Pit- a hole approximately 5-6 feet deep, with the bottom covered in piercing, venomous stakes.It also has a grenade lying in await to ambush those who try to escape The fighting conditions in the Vietnam war were inhumane for both parties. Soldiers put their bodies through irritatingly uncomfortable situations and fought in fearsome scenarios, all whilst trying to keep their limbs intact. Battles arose within battles, whether it be the vicious weather or the unshakable fear of death, soldiers endured an admirable amount of physical and mental struggle. The rage of the Vietnam War claimed many courageous lives and defiled the minds of those who were able to walk outdoor(a) with the luxury of breath.Bibliography* http//vietnamawbb.weebly.com/guerrilla-w arfare-and-war-of-attrition.html * http//history1900s.about.com/od/vietnamwar/a/vietnamwar.htm * http//www.pbs.org/battlefieldvietnam/guerrilla/index.html * http//www.vietnam-war.0catch.com/vietnam_war_nature.htm * http//vietnam-war.commemoration.gov.au/combat/viet-cong-tunnels.php * http//www.securenet.net/3rdbn5th/mike35/booby.htm* http//www.echo23marines6569.org/BoobyTraps.html* http//vietnam-war.commemoration.gov.au/armour/conditions.php * https//session.wikispaces.com/1/auth/auth?authToken=03a2e4971076358d2188756c8108eb2b5

Cape Verde Macro-Economic Analysis

mantle Verde Most Improved Country Introduction Cape Verde is a small field that spans ex islands and is 570 kilometers off the coast of Western Africa. There is very little rainfall per year and the land on most of the islands are of volcanic origin. On some(prenominal) of the islands the land is fairly flat, sandy and dry, whereas the rest of the islands are covered in rocky land. It, therefore, lacks in natural resources and has experienced severe droughts. Agriculture is made problematical by lack of rain and is restricted to only four islands for most of the year.It is ironic that the country is called Verde meaning Green, even though most of the land is non green. Due to the scarcity of agriculture, most of the nations gross domestic product comes from the service industry more(prenominal) specifically tourism, light manufacturing industries, and fisheries. Cape Verdes sparing has been steadily growing since the late 1990s, and it is in a flash officially considered a country of average development. Through an scotch analysis of Cape Verde, we will see the connections between its scrimping, society, and commandntial term.The analysis will recognize not only the flaws and struggles of the country, but will pose possible solutions to its problems. Government Past and Present Learning about a countrys government is congenital to figuring out their economic details. Uninhabited on their discovery in 1456, the Cape Verde islands became part of the Portuguese empire in 1495. Portuguese people began establishing settlements passim the islands, especially along the ports. They were still governed by the Portuguese government and abided by all the same laws however, the Portuguese government did not have much agoneime with the settlements.Therefore, without strong sustainable investment from the homelands government the people grew increasingly discontent with them. However, the Portuguese continued to refuse to provide the local governance with more autonomy, or self-governing. This discontent aggravated and culminated in 1956, when a movement led by Amilcar Cabral laid the stepping stones for independence for Cape Verde. Cabral and a group of colleague Cape Verdeans and Guineans organized the African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC), which demanded improvement in economic, social and political conditions in Cape Verde and Portuguese Guinea.The PAIGC began forming fortify rebellions against the Portuguese government in Guinea, but were more passive in Cape Verde. In 1974, following the coup in Portugal, after which Portugal began abandoning its colonial empire, the islands were granted a transitional government comprising of Cape Verdeans and Portuguese officials. Eventually, the Cape Verdeans elected a national assembly which drafted a declaration of independence on July 5, 1975. Their government became known as the African Party for the Independence of Cape Verde, or the PAICV.Until 1990, th e PAICV ruled Cape Verde as a one party democratic system of rules however, opposition began building up towards a multiparty government. On Jan. 13, 1991, the first multiparty elections since independence resulted in the ruling PAICV losing its majority to the new Movement for Democracy Party (MPD). This was a major event in Cape Verdes history because it sealed their intentions to become a self-reliant country. The only problem now was how could they stabilize their scrimping? gross domestic product A Break land What is Gross Domestic Product (gross domestic product)?GDP is defined as the overall goods and services produced within a countrys boarders during a given year. The GDP of a country is an important piece of data which measures the size of the thriftiness of a country. To guess GDP, you add the amount of bills spent on consumption, investments, government expenditures, exports, and imports. Once you find out what the GDP is, you can change it into dollars by using purc hasing power parity (PPP) or exchange rates and then you can find out the growth rate and GDP per capita.Cape Verdes economy is relatively small compared to the rest of the world. Their economy has always originally been a service economy, meaning that most of their income and GDP is from services rather than agriculture or industrials. Cape Verde is consistently in the fuck half of the GDP spectrum. It is pretty obvious how underdeveloped their economy truly is when comparing it to that of countries with similar size and geography. For example, Senegal, Cape Verdes eastern neighbor, also is primarily a service economy.Their economy, however, is much stronger than Cape Verdes. Senegal has a Purchasing Power Parity of $23. 86 billion, which is almost 23 sequences the size of Cape Verdes The magnitude of this difference is probably due to the fact that Senegal has a bigger population and geographical size. A substantiating sign for Cape Verde over Senegal is that its GDP real gro wth rate is 4. 5% as opposed to Senegals 3. 9%. This shows that Cape Verdes economy is slowly improving as ostentation rises. GDP (2010) Amount (in US $) field Rank GDP (PPP) $1. 861 billion 186th GDP official exchange rate $1. 573 billion 162nd GDP per capita $3,700 160th GDP real growth rate 4. 5% 71st Is Cape Verde Growing? When figuring out the growth of Cape Verde, the Consumer Price Index ( consumer price index) helps determine the rate of inflation. The CPI is a measure of the overall goods and services bought by a typical consumer. It is the primary method to monitor the changes in the cost of living over time. To calculate the CPI you compare a basket of goods prices to a certain base year, where the prices are set as $century.The inflation rate is based on the appends or decreases in price of the basket of goods. In other words, you take for the current price and subtract the previous price and then divide the whole comparability by the previous price. If you multi ply that by 100, you get the rate of inflation. I have chosen to compare three countries CPI to show how Cape Verdes economy has grown over the past decade. As seen in the chart below, the costs of goods in 2007 was 15 percent higher than it was in 2000. The CPI increase reflects the high inflation that occurred over this time period.By using the CPI, you also can see that Cape Verde and Senegal were equally susceptible to inflation in comparison to the larger, more economically stable United States. When relating back to GDP, these numbers make sense, due to the fact that the growth of the U. S. is significantly greater than these countries. Country 2000 Prices (US$) 2005 Prices (US$) 2007 Prices (US$) Cape Verde $95 $100 $110 Senegal $93 $100 $108 United States $88 $100 $106 In the graph below, notice the relation between the growth rate and the inflation rate.Over the past decade, GDP growth has pretty constantly exceeded inflation, excluding 2008. This implies a positive rea l GDP growth rate. Therefore, the GDP of Cape Verde represents positive growth, and when you take inflation into account, the economy is growing at a positive rate. The reason the inflation rate outgrew the GDP growth rate in 2008 was because the World Trade Organization clear a deal that would see Cape Verde become part of the WTO. This brought their inflation rate up above their growth rate because Cape Verde had to abide by the regulations set by the WTO.However, this was not necessarily a bad thing because it strengthened a multilateral trading system for Cape Verde and allowed them to continue to mix in into the worlds economy. How Do They Sustain Themselves? Due to their lack of natural resources, Cape Verde has resorted to heavy trade between countries. This is why their recent entry into the World Trade Organization has been so pivotal. The graph below shows a breakdown of the GDP of Cape Verde by sector. As previously mentioned, the economy of Cape Verde is more often th an not made up of services. The services include commerce, transport, and public services.Recently, the government has primarily focused on the development of tourism and fisheries. They hope to take advantage of their geographic location by luring tourists in to their exotic resorts. Also, due to the fact that they are an island country off the coast of Africa, they can capitalize on the development of their fisheries. Cape Verdes agriculture is made difficult by the lack of rainfall during the year and only four of the ten islands are fertile. Therefore, they have to resort to importing most of their food. About 82% of food is imported into Cape Verde annually, causing them to run a high trade deficit.This means that they have to receive a heavy amount of foreign aid in order to sustain themselves. The industry part of Cape Verdes economy mostly consists of refining minerals much(prenominal) as clay and salt. The other industrial part of Cape Verde is made up of shoes and garmen ts. Even though the industrial sector does not diarrhea a major role in the GDP of Cape Verde, it still supplies jobs for the citizens of the country. Are Too Many People Un utilise? Labor is an essential instrument of a countrys economy. In order for an economy to be sustainable, it has to have enough people that are able to work and produce GDP for the country.To determine the participation of the labor force of a country, you moldiness figure out how many people in the labor force are employed and unemployed. Simply put, the labor force participation rate is number employed plus unemployed divided by the total adult population. To calculate the unemployment rate, you take the total number unemployed and divide it by the labor force. In other words, the unemployment rate tells us how much of the labor force is being utilized. In 2000, Cape Verde had an unemployment rate of 21%, with a total of 155,981 people in the labor force.The unemployment rate is pretty poor compared to the rest of the world however, considering that it is a evolution country, there is a lot of room to improve. Another interesting data point is that in the same year 2000, 30% of the population was below the need line. This begs the general question is there a connection between the unemployment rate and the percentage of people in destitution? In my opinion, there is a coefficient of correlation between the two. I believe that in poor economic times, or in the case of Cape Verde poor economic strength, people feel down on their luck and are less inclined to work.For example, prior to 2000, Cape Verde was heavily reliant on foreign investments, stunting GDP growth and creating an uncertain economy. People became reliant on foreign aid rather than finding jobs to support themselves. However, in 2001, there was a new President, Pedro Pires, who primarily focused on bringing up the economic status of Cape Verde. He looked to capitalize on the strengths of the country, such as its tou ristic appeal and fishing capacity. This gave people a positive outlook for the future of their economy and they began searching for jobs.The GDP of Cape Verde began increasing while the unemployment rate steadily decreased. As the unemployment rate went down so did the poverty levels. According to the United Nations Millennium Development Goals, Cape Verde is on track to halving its 1990 poverty level. This shows that when economic growth is stimulated, people begin finding jobs and the poverty levels decrease. ending Throughout my research, I have seen a positive trend for Cape Verdes economic growth. For such a small country and the amount of time it has been independent, Cape Verde has been through a lot, both economically and politically.Both the politics and economics of Cape Verde have played influential roles in the development of the country. When it first tell its independence from Portugal, Cape Verde was under a single party democracy, however, it soon became a two pa rty system, the PAICV and MPD. Each party has had a chance to preside of the country however, it is the current president, Pedro Pires of the PAICV party, who has lifted the country out of its economic slump. As mentioned above, Pires has changed the focus of the economy to be more self-reliant and take advantage of the countrys strengths.Under Pires presidency, GDP growth and inflation has steadily increased while the unemployment rate has steadily decreased. The government has had a major influence on the economy of Cape Verde and because of that, in 2008, Cape Verde officially attained the status of a Middle Income Country, a step up from Least Developed Country. However, the question must be raised Can Cape Verde, whose economic growth is heavily based on the growing trend of tourism, continue to be carried to higher economic statuses or will the country slump back down again to where it started?As the saying goes Only time will tell. Works Cited CIA World Factbook https//www. cia. gov/ program library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cv. html UN Millennium Development Goals http//www. un. org/en/mdg/summit2010/debate/21092010. shtml World Databank WDI http//databank. worldbank. org/ddp/home. do? Step=2&id=4&DisplayAggregation=N&SdmxSupported=Y&CNO=2&SET_BRANDING=YES Enterprise Surveys http//www. enterprisesurveys. org/ExploreEconomies/? economyid=36&year=2009 U. S. Department of State Republic of Cape Verde http//www. state. gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2835. htm

Banana candle wax Essay

AbstractThe investigator conducts this study due to economic crisis nowadays. Its aim is to create a output of bag wax which is cheaper and could springtime the same quality which the commercial message 1 could give. In this modern age, floor polishes were made from synthetic materials. We decided to put foul the floor polish of the old days that was made from natural materials. We choose banana uncaseings as component of the polish. But first, we must find out if the inter segment point was an effective as commercial polish and if it can be used for different surfaces so the tec conducted an experiment. We scraped the inner portion of banana peelings and boiled for quaternary hours, extracted the and blended to obtain a smooth gel.We therefore concluded that the bedeck Polish Made from banana peelings was effective as commercial polishes. The product did non contain harmful chemicals so it was environmental friendly, safer and cheaper. This step was made by the research er to make a floor wax out of banana peel first, we mess up 2 candle wax then it was melted in a low fire. While still hot, add 1 teaspoon of oil. after mixing, add the banana peels, Stir it and leave it after 3min.then strain and pour in a container.Introduction and its backgroundAs of now, our country is facing a great crisis in economy. The researcher found out that in school, they required using of floor wax (commercial) to prevent the floor shiny. Even in the houses, floor wax is cosmos use. So, the researcher decided to make a floor wax which is very affordable and can give an equal quality as the commercial can.Statement of the problema)Can banana be an alternative source in reservation a floor wax?Formulation of the Hypothesisa) Banana cant be an alternative source in making a floor wax.b)Banana can be an alternative source in making a floor wax.Significant of the studyThis study can give benefits to the people especially to the poor once, to have a good business and wit hal to save money for their other needs. Especially in schools, it will give a benefit to the students as well as their parents to save money. It is also unaffixed and enjoyable to do.Scope and limitationThis study is only limited for the investigation of banana (genus Musa paradisiaca) used as alternative source for floor wax making. The researcher chose this study for further investigation if the banana can be an effective source for floor wax.8.) Definition of termsa) Banana a tropical harvest-homeb) degree wax a substance used for shining floors.9. Related StudiesBANANA is the common name for a fruit and also the herbaceous plants of the genus Musa which produce the commonly eaten fruit. They are native to the tropical region of Southeast Asia and Australia. Today, they are cultivated throughout the tropics. Banana plants are of the family Musaceae. They are cultivated in the first place for their fruit, and to a lesser extent for the production of fibre and as ornamental plants. As the bananas are mainly tall, upright, and fairly sturdy, they are often mistaken for trees, when the true statement is the main or upright stem is called a pseudostem, literally meaning fake stem, which for some species can obtain a height of up to 28 m, with leaves of up to 3.5 m in length.Each pseudostem would produce a bunch of yellow, green, or even red bananas before dying and being replaced by another pseudostem. Banana leaves are widely used as plates and for lining cooking pits and for wrapping food for cooking or storage. A section of leaf often serves as an eye-shade. In Latin America, it is a common practice during rains to hold a banana leaf by the petiole, upside-down, over ones back as an umbrella or raincoat. The leaves of the Fehibanana are used for thatching, packing, and cigarette wrappers.10.) MaterialsBanana peelingsWax CrystalsTechnical Dye (if desire) Container lamp oil11.) Procedure1.)candle wax.2.) Melt the materials in a low fire.3.) While still hot add technical dye (desired color). Stir the mixture. 4.) Add small follow of oil.5.) Add the Banana peel.6.) Pour in a desired mold or container and allow it to harden.12.) Presentation of data analysis & interpretation13.) ResultsAs the researcher conduct this study, the researcher found out the following SUBJECT BANANA FLOOR WAX COMMERCIAL1 Shine more shine2 more shine shine3 Shine more shineBased on the ff. data, the researcher made a better study relate to this project and found out that banana floor wax could give also almost the same quality which the commercial one could give.14.) SummaryFloor waxing is essential to maintain the shiny gloss of wooden floors. However, if you find buying ready-made floor wax prohibitively expensive, its possible to mix candle wax and oil with banana peels to create a substance suitable for use polishing your wooden floors. This home-made floor wax will give a comparable shine and smoothness to that of commercialproducts, and the oil coun teracts the banana peels stickiness to ensure the finished sheen isnt tacky.15.) ConclusionsTherefore we conclude that the banana Floor wax is attractive, effective and easy to do. The researcher therefore concluded that banana floor wax could be used as an alternative source of commercial one.16.) RecommendationThe researcher would highly recommend that we could use banana floor wax instead of busy commercial floor wax in the commercialise because its cheaper and fits in our budget.

Fender Musical Instruments Corporation Essay

airplane pilot is an American manufacturer of stringed instruments and amplifiers based out of Scottsdale, Arizona. The privately held society was founded by Clarence Leonidas Leo annex in Clifornia in 1946. The company specializes in solid body galvanic guitars such as the Stratocaster and Telecaster, and solid body electric bass guitars such as the Precision and Jazz models.Fender instruments are wide considered to be the standard to which or so other electric guitars are measured. As marketing manager, I have been asked to develop a brand extension within Fender, in this case, we have decided to move into percussion instruments, specifically rise kits. We pass on be developing 3 new models of Fender drum kits, a six, seven and eight plot kit. The six piece kit bequeath be made up of a snare drum, four tom toms and a bass drum. The seven piece kit exit be similar, with the extension of another tom tom, and finally the eight piece go away be similar to the seven piece, w ith the addition of a second bass drum. All drums will be sold without cymbals and hi-hats however all will involve a kick pedal for the base drum.The objective of this extension is to begin moving Fender into new instruments, especially to develop a line of percussion instruments, with the future goal of developing a percussion department within the company, which will in turn lead to the manufacturing and sale of bongo drums, conga drums and tambourines. We feel that this area of the market for musical instruments has a clear niche gap within it that Fender can fill. With our excellent reputation within the industry, we feel customers will have the brand loyalty to purchase Fender drums. We also feel that with our world company team of developers and creators, and having the resources to persona only the finest wood, we can create a drum kit that will be used by the most influential and clever drummers in the world.This will of course lead to oecumenic sales of Fender drums, increasing sales to unprecedented levels, which in turn will give us the chance to employee a longer number of people, all while creating a whole new division within the organization, greatly adding to the legacy of Fender instruments. Our chump market is the total number of potentiality buyers for our product. Among this broad group, we have our primary and secondary target markets. Our primary market in this case will be those most likely to buy our new product. This will mainly be drummers and musical institutions, for example music schools, colleges and workshops.Our secondary market, those who have the next greatest potential to buy now or in the future, will be musicians of all instruments non-musicians who we hope will to purchase a kit and learn to play and advertizement companies or agencies. Our primary market is simple, drummers drum. They need a drum kit, and if we can convince them of the superior quality and craftsmanship of Fender drums, we hope they will use Fend er exclusively. A similar approach is being taken when marketing towards musical institutions.Our secondary market however will be more difficult. in spite of the fact that drums are used in many forms of music, musicians in general who we will target will specifically be guitarists, bass players and singers. We feel these players major power be interested as many will already be playing music in a similar style to heavier, drum-orientated sound, as contrary to a classical trumpet player for example. We also feel that these players will very likely be familiar with the Fender brand, again as contrasted to a musician playing an instrument in which Fender does not specialize. They will therefore be familiar with our high quality level of duty and reliability.We will have many well established brands to compete with within the marketplace. Companies such as Pearl, Tama, Evans and C&C are highly regarded within the beat community and have spent years building u brand loyalty amon g their customers. Of these companies, Pearl and Tama will be our strongest competitors. Pearl is a multinational company, founded in 1952, specializing in percussion instruments. They cover a huge range of kits, including six, seven, and eight piece kits similar to the kits we will be producing. Their Vision, Masters and Session models are widely popular and well prices. Tama is a sub division of the Hoshino Gakko Group, a company specializing in Tama drums and Ibenez guitars. Like Pearl, Tama produces well crafted, highly priced drum kits and have a great reputation worldwide for quality.Fender Drums Marketing StrategyPriceWe will be rating our three kits (six, seven and eight piece) directly from our Fender stores worldwide for $1499, $1799 and $2199 respectively. We have spent many months analyzing our competitors marketing prices and feel that these prices offer a great deal for customers. For example, Pearl and Tama sell their six piece kits for $1599 and $1649 respectively. This places our product at a lower price range than both. We have also r distributivelyed a deal with Sabian (manufacturer of hi-hats and cymbals) to sell our six piece kit with four of their cymbals as a bundle deal.Regarding this deal, we will receive $50 less per kit than when sold separately, however we feel Sabian to be a highly regarded company who customers have create up a great relationship with and therefore we hope to garner some of their brand loyalty to introduce new players to our product. Our seven and eight piece kits will be sold individually only for the foreseeable future. Our seven piece kit is being sold at the same price as those offered by Pearl and Tama, while our eight piece kit is $100 cheaper than Tamas eight piece kit.Ours is $50 more expensive than Pearls eight piece kit however we feel our product to be vastly superior to theirs, and therefore do not anticipate this slight battle as being problematic. We will also be offering out 100 kits initially t o established artists as endorsements. These kits will be distributed, free of charge, to 42 pre-selected musicians, in the hope that by being used by these artists, other musicians who are influenced by these drummers will be eager to also purchase a kit.In addition, our seven piece will contain a 13 x 10 tom tom and our eight piece will include a 20 x 16 bass drum. We will offer a range of spin off products which can be attached onto each kit, including a cowbell, tambourine and jam block. Each kit will be available in three colors (red, green and black) and will be sold with safety casing as an additional extra. They will be branded with the Fender logo on the top right portion of the front of the bass drum.Our products will vary to competitors products in many ways. Our drums are different sizes, therefore giving out a slightly different tone and sound. All drums a headed with even-tempered emperor drum skins, which resonate for longer and give a crisper, more accurate tone. O nly the finest maple and rosewood will be used to ensure the most satisfying sound and timbre.PlaceOur products will be available from all Fender stores passim Australia, Europe and America. We hope, over the next 12 months, to establish a relationship with stores throughout Asia and South America to sell Fender drums. Our products will also be available from our online store, as well as through ternary party sellers such as Amazon and EBay. Our products will also be available for both use and purchase at many trade fairs throughout America and Australia over the next six months.PromotionWe have many options when considering methods of promotion. As the leader in musical instruments worldwide, with 312 stores, this gives us a great starting signal point. All stores will stock our kits, displaying them front and center within their stores, to be sure customers will be quickly aware of them. We regularly host trade fairs across the world, which will also give us another means of ad vertising.We will be taking our advertising in many of the worlds most read magazines (such as Rolling Stone, News and Time), newspapers (NY Post, Sydney Morning Herald and British Times) and websites (BBC, Dailymail, and TMZ). We will advertise and promote through television and radio also. I feel our greatest promotion will be through Sponsorship. We have signed 42 of the greatest drummers currently playing to use our kits. Drummers like Chad smith (Red Hot Chili Peppers), Lars Ulrich (Metallica), Josh Freese (Nine Inch Nails) and Nathan Followill (Kings of Leon) all have huge fan bases of drummers, who we hope will be eager to try and purchase our kits at a time they realize their influences are also using them.Our competitors also use many of these means of advertising, however we feel with our larger budget, and many more stores internationally, we have a much larger platform to promote from. We will begin promotion as of September 2014, hoping to garner enough attention to o ur product before the Christmas bearing of product purchasing begins. While our product is not a seasonal product, we feel it would be a good time to release these kits.In closing, regarding which of the 4Ps will be the most influential initially on our product, I believe it will be our product itself. Our price is very competitive we feel powerfully this will not be a problem. Our promotion will be huge, using magazines, radio, TV, internet, billboards, instore advertising, sponsorship and trade shows among other means. Our placement options are huge. With our worldwide brand, we can sell our product worldwide. However, our product itself, with its world class development, beautiful tone, ease of use, gorgeous design and competitive price will stand up for itself as a leader in drumming products, and over time, we hope will be the number one drum kit on the market.Sourceshttp//www.smarta.com/advice/sales-and-marketing/advertising-and-marketing/how-to-develop-a-marketing-strategy/V iew as multi-pages

Advantages and Disadvantages of mobile phone Essay

Cell earpieces be a no(prenominal) mischievous(p) invention and a popular way to communicatehalf of all Ameri places and Europeans work one. They allow us to work on the go and stick in touch. When put in the hands of a teenager, however, they can have most effectuate of which adults should be awargon.It is a common sight kiosk reverberates ( brisk surrounds) in the hands of community, especially teenagers. literature has provided in-depth evidence of the uses, advantages, disadvantages, strike, consequences and concerns about the use of lively phones. Why teenagers fancy this device, is an interesting observation where the experts attach its significance to teenagers identity factor. The usage of restless phones has re-shaped, re-organised and altered some(prenominal) social facets. Particularly focussing on teenagers meandering(a) phone usage, literature has provided evidence of them world used for both(prenominal) positive purposes and detrimental reasons. Is the possible action among uses and negative reach widening? Are consequences and concerns superseding positive uses? How do parents/ kickgivers perceive the overall usage of unstable phones by their teenagers? Are in that location any solutions, possibilities and avenues to cut across such problems? These are the basic queries that drive this study. PACG is the acronym for parents/caregivers used in this document. ObjectivesThis study is centred around parents/caregivers (PACG) perceptions of their teenagers diligent phone usage To gain an overall understanding of teenagers vigorous phone usage (positive purposes and negative impacts) To understand the influence of texting on teenagers (such as text language on proper language, text messaging on discourse skills) To understand the effects on teenagers physical (such as driving, health) and psychological (such as bullying, un-monitored beat usage, family prison term) safety issues. MethodsA mixed methods approach was employed to explore the look for problem. Quantitative data was collected through questionnaires (18 closed and 02 open- devastationed questions) and qualitative data through interviews (approximately21 questions). The survey and interview participants were parents/caregivers of teenagers aged 13 to 19 years irrespective of their teenagers prompt phone possessions. They were broadly divided into seven ethnic groups. 115 PACG comp allowed the questionnaires through survey and 07 participants from the survey sample were interviewed (one from separately ethnic group). ResultsTeenagers possessing mobile phone/s were 96.5% (n=111). A further breakup of age groups indicated that all the 17-19 olds had mobile phones. In addition, not possessing mobile phone/s is higher in the age bracket 15-16 year olds when compared to 13-14 olds. Chi-Square tests established significance between in faceent and dependent variables, in the following relationships. The results are briefly mentioned. ge nder with teenagers sharing with PACG, if bullied A high percentage of PACG said that their teenagers share with them if they are bullied.It was also evident that girls share to a greater extent with PACG, if bullied, than boys do Ethnicity with Interruption of personal time with PACG A high percentage of PACG said that their personal time is to some extent interrupted due to social bonding enabled by their teenagers mobile phone usage Ethnicity with PACG public opinion secure with teenagers un-monitored clock usage A high percentage of PACG said that they feel secure with their teenagers mobile phone usage during un-monitored times Ethnicity with PACG feeling using mobile phones while driving is untamed A high percentage of PACG said that using mobile phones while driving is risky Ethnicity with PACG feeling to ban mobile phone use while driving A high percentage of PACG supported a ban to use Ethnicity with PACG feeling to have an age doctor to possess a mobile phone Mor e than fifty percentage of PACG supported a minimum age limit for possessing a mobile phone either by saying yes or probably. ConclusionParents/caregivers of this study express both positive and negative impact towards teenagers mobile phone usage. On a positive note, PACG perceive that mobile phones are actually useful devices for communication and co-ordination of activities. They also find that they are authoritative as they are used as safety devices especially in emergencies. Voice and text features are considered as the basic required facilities in teenagers mobile phones by PACG. On the negative side, PACG express that teenagers areaddicted and obsessed with texting, while some of the PACG feel that it distracts the teenagers from their study time and other serious activities. nearly PACG hold the service providers responsible for this because of texting plans. Bullying and abusive messages have been perceived as the major problem mediated by mobile phones.PACG express th at teenagers with their mobile phones are out of control for them. They also add that teenagers lose control over the information enabled by their mobile phones. Every interviewed PACG expressed concerns on profits access via teenagers mobile phones. The overall findings from this study reveal that parents/caregivers perceptions of teenagers mobile phone usage are not satisfactory. Although they express a mixed opinion, they lean towards negative impacts. A very high number of interview participants expressed the view that negative impacts outweighing positive purposes with teenagers mobile phone usage. This further leads to recommendations from PACG on proper usage, forthcoming research, avenues and possibilities to implement solutions for problems. PACG master(prenominal)ly perceive that educating teenagers (on consequences and tackling issues) and providing mobile phones to teenagers from the age of 14 years (the legal age to stay home unsupervised and mature enough) will boo ster in ameliorating the negative impacts. In addition, PACG support to ban using mobile phones while driving.These are the outcomes of the study Cell phones and mobile phones are the main invention of modern technology and also have historically been given to human beings to send messages, entertain and ultimately help them make life easier. Also, cubicle phones have become one of the fastest growing communication technologies. Although mobile phones have greatly facilitated massess lives, people more and more depend on using cell phones and cannot leave it frequently, especially young people nowadays. There is no denying that cell phones bring a wide variety of benefits to teens, only if it also have many negative side effects to teens no matter for their health, study habits and behaviors. Therefore, I believe that the usage of mobile phones should be hold to a wide range of teenagers because the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages. To begin with, if we confine teens to use cell phones will make their campus and social life become awkward because cell phones allow teenagers to keep in touch not only with their friends, only when also with family members, schools and apprehension services.Dr. StefaniaKalogeraki points out mobile phones provide a straightaway communicative channel between teenagers and peer groups, parents and children thitherfore the device enhances social interactions and bonding with peers and family. Despite of the fact that mobile phones can be the excellent tools to stay in touch with people it also can be a weapon for young people to hurt themselves. Cell phone becomes an addition for a large amount of teenagers around the globe, and its use by this age group has many disadvantages with short-term and long-term consequences. It also will cause lots of jumbo problems for youngsters without proper supervision and responsible use. For their health, radiation, this is the biggest issue for young people who use cell phones eve rywhere, every day and even every moment. Dr Cell phones are there to make communication and life much easier, but people engage regularly in multi tasking when they are behind the wheels.Cell phones are a great invention and a popular way to communicatehalf of all Americans and Europeans use one. They allow us to work on the go and stay in touch, however there are slipway in which cell phones can affect teenagers (Reynolds, 2012). It is important to understand the effects because although parents see cell phones role as a mixed blessing for their teenagers, it can bring distressing things into their lives (Lenhart, Madden, Smith, Purcell, Zickuhr & Raine, 2011). What are possible effects of cell phones on teenagers? There are several ways in which cell phones can affect teenagers, such as educational, social and health, which can all be both positive and negative. Social effects of cell phones can be sex-ting, cyberbullying and social networking. Educational effects are effects r elating school and education of a teenager. Health effects are health risks and benefits for a teenager while using a cell phone. There are many different effects of cell phones on teenagers but the most important ones that are mainly looked at are educational, social and health. This essay will cover the positive and negative educational, social and health effects of cell phones. substantiating Effects of Mobile PhonesCommunication ConvenienceMobile Phone is the best way to communicate. We can stay in touch with ourloved ones anywhere, anytime, merely because of mobile phones. All thanks to their small size, lightweight, that make them portable. EntertainmentLife is nothing less than a hell without any entertainment in it. Thanks to mobile phones that let us entertain while on the go. The mobile phones getting launched nowadays, come with super impressive features related to entertainment. Mobile manufacturers know it pretty good that entertainment is demand of today. This is the reason why mobile phones are nothing less than a complete portable entertainment devices. Useful in Studies and business organisationMobile phones are quite useful in studies and business. In both fields, the mobile phone has become like compulsory gadget. Students can access earnings on their mobile phones while on the go, and thus can get knowledge of any stem they wish to. The business persons can keep updated with the markets up and downs, can stay in touch with their employees and clients. Work as Boon in EmergenciesJust consider any parking brake situation in which you call for to talk to your friend, relative or anyone else? Mobile Phone is what works as boon in such situations. You might have faced any emergency situation in which mobile phone helped you, have you? Whether you have faced it or not, its quite easy to understand the role of mobile phones in emergencies. Boon is what we can call the mobile phones in such situations, right? electronegative Effects of Mobil e PhonesBad Impact on StudiesThe students are just addicted to mobile phones. They can be seen playing games, chatting, and talking to their friends on their mobile phones most of the times. This is the reason why they dont get time for studies. In fact, students are more interested in wasting their time on mobile phones, rather than spending it on studying.Accident and Health Issues most(prenominal) of the accidents that happen daily arise because of mobile phones. Themobile phones have resulted in dangerous driving, whose direct impact can be seen in increasing no. of accidents. Apart from accidents, mobile phones have bad impact on health as well. Several researches conducted by the health experts have proved the bad impact of mobile phones on health. These are the positive and negative impacts of mobile phones on our lives. These is no doubt mobile is a necessity these days, but we should take care of the negative points too and use this technology accordingly.the influence of m obile technology on our lives is huge and even greater on teenagers. In the age in which theyre developing as individuals all that mobile phones birng leaves a strong trace on their growing up. The usage of mobile phones in their age should be controlled but they shouldnt be discouraged from using them as they bring many benefits. Positive Effects on TeenagersThat it provides a sense of security for teenagers as well as their parents, is one of the prominent argument that is put forth by those in favor of cell phones. You will seldom come across someone who doesnt understand the importance of cell phones or who hasnt used his/her cell phone in times of emergency. It is this convenience of reaching each other, both for teens and their parents in emergency situations, which makes cell phone one of the most important devices in the world today. At the same time, the recently launched handsets with GPS on poster are also of great help, considering that the parents can now keep a track of their childs whereabouts by tracing his cell phone in real time. Not to forget, cell phones have also given a boost to social networking by giving teenagers the ability to reach out to more people.Negative Effects on TeenagersWhile terms like safety and connectedness may give the rising trend of cell phone use by teenagers a thumbs up, there are quite a few negative aspects of the same which have put it under the scanner of late. For instance, studies reveal that those teenagers who are addicted to cell phones are prone to sleep disturbances, anxiety and depression. Other than these psychological problems, the use of cell phones is also known to come heavyon our eyes and thumb in form of repetitive strain injuries which are similar to those injuries that are caused as a result of using the computer for across-the-board hours on a regular basis. Even though the researchers are divided on this, there do exist some studies which associate cell phone use with brain tumor and low sp erm count. While cell phones may improve socialization for teenagers, it restricts the kind of people that these teens come across and widens the gap between them and their parents.Distracted driving is by far the worst of the various negative effects of using a cell phone, with thousands of accidents mainly those involving teenagers, being attributed to the very trend of attending calls or texting while driving. At the same time, the critics also highlight the fact that the device which was predominantly devised for communication and entertainment is also being used for a lot more than that of late, and accessing pornography is just one of these activities. Initially, it was the computer that was the main source of banned pornographic material for teenagers, but the approach of multimedia cell phones has made it a lot easier for these teens to access pornographic material which ethically they shouldnt. Similarly, sexual harassment in form of sexting sending raunchy messages, or making porn videos and circulating them, is also on rise. While cyber bullying has been one of the most talked about issues related to Internet use, a comparatively new but similar concept referred to as text bullying is slowly gaining steam especially in school environment.All these arguments and counterarguments has made this topic one of the heated subjects of debate of late. The argument on safety is no doubt confirm, but that happens to be one of the very few positive effects of cell phone use especially with the negative effects of this practice existing in plenty. Overuse or abuse of cell phones cannot be justified at all. It is this blatant abuse of cell phones by individuals belonging to the age group of 13-18 that has put it under the knife for all the wrong reasons. At the end of the day, technology can be of great help when used in correct manner its misuse, on the other hand, can spell disaster for the user.Negative effectsPhysical- mobile phones can affect you, such as brain damage. Mental-mobile phones could interrupt studies.Emotional-mobile phones could cause to phone bullying.Social-the wrong person could get hold of mobile number, so be careful. My objectives are to gather information related to my question, to learn more about mobiles phones having an effect on our youth today. I will drip out my research by exploring the internet, researching books and I will also ask other people what they think about the question for my project. HistoryAbout hexagonal call technologyWhen mobile phones were first introduced to the public they had used a technology called the hexagonal cell. Hexagonal cell had enabled the first mobile phone to work, this was true by Bell Labs. Hexagonal technology allowed mobile phones to be used while on the move, this was done by transmitting wireless signals from one rear to another. This technology had enabled mobile phones to gain reception from anywhere when on the move, this works by the mobile phones transmit ting phone signals to the nearest tower to you but when on the move it does this quicker and it is always moving to other towers to get good reception for phones. Good effects of using a mobile phoneTravel SafetyIt is a good idea to let a family member or friend know where you are, where you are going next, and when you arrive. This is good for teenagers to let there parents know if they are alright. Traffic ProblemsA mobile phone is handy to have to inform the person that you are late and you could come to an show about the time you will arrive. AccidentsWhen we least expect it, accidents happen. Some can be minor accidents and some can be major accidents. If the accident is bad and you need to call for help such as an ambulance to come and help you. This is a big help and you can call for help by using a mobile phone and the call is for throw overboard. Staying in TouchHaving a mobile phone gives you a privilege to stay in touch with people all over the world with a simple phone call or a text message. Teenagers are always on the phone to there friends. Finding Your Way If LostThis can happen to any of us, a mobile phone could help us get out of this. A mobile phone will allow you to make a call of your choice and you could ring a person to help you make your way back to wherever you want to go. This is good way to help out teenagers if they dont know there way around.In Case of EmergencyIn outcome of an emergency a mobile phone is really useful to have, if you are in trouble with anything use your mobile phone to call 999, this is a free call but this is only to be called if in an emergency. If teenagers carry around a mobile phone they are more likely to be safer past not having one because this mobile phone will allow them to call the police if in trouble with anything. Bad effects of using a mobile phoneAddictionUsing mobile phones a lot can lead to addiction, especially to teenagers, as wasting time on communicating with people via text messages an d phone calls. Auto AccidentsTalking or sending SMS text messages on a mobile phone while driving is proven to be as dangerous as driving under the influence of alcohol. Sleep LossMobile phones causes teens and young adults to lose sleep, finding it difficult falling and staying asleep, this could increased stress and fatigue. Increased ExpensesMobile phone usage is expensive and can easily lead you to keep buying credit which can cause a lot of money if addicted, this could cause high stress levels. Environmental EffectsImproper disposal of cell phones and their batteries can release harmful, non-biodegradable chemicals into the environment. mentality DamageSome Pros Are as following Parents can be in touch with their children and know their whereabouts. Your kids can reach you in the event of an emergency and vice versa. If in danger, your children can reach the authorities or a medical provider. Phones can be silenced during conformation or study periods and ready only in a ppropriate places. Students can take pictures of class projects to e-mail or show to parents. Ordinarily, parents do not see projects that are completed in groups in school. Students can text message missed assignments to classmates that are absent. A buddy system can be put into place. Many cell phones are equipped with calculators-plenty of new math curricula encourage the use of a calculator when problem-solving. A student should become accustomed to having a calculator handy for both homework and real life math applications. Cons of Cellular Usage They disrupt the class with noises from the phone and ringtones and you can text other students during class and not pay attention. Some groups have raised concern, for example, over the possibility of brain tumors, headaches, and dizziness. Others suggest that cell phone usage may have caused some reproductive effects in both males and females.