A Tree Grows in Brooklyn Vocabulary Terms

Betty Smiths first novel,  A Tree Grows in Brooklyn, tells the coming-of-age story of Francie Nolan and her second-generation immigrant parents struggling to provide for their family. Its widely believed Smith herself was the basis for the character of Francie. Heres a vocabulary list from A Tree Grows in Brooklyn. Use these terms for reference, study, and discussion. Chapters I-VI: tenement: an apartment building, usually in a low-income area, that is without luxury amenities ragamuffin: a child whose appearance is unkempt and uncivilized cambric: a finely woven white linen interminable: long and dull with little sign of ending (or terminating) premonition: a warning or feeling about something that will happen in the future (usually negative) vestibule: a reception area or foyer, often in a school or church Chapters VII-XIV: fetching: attractive or pretty, beguiling peculiar: unusual or suprising, out of the ordinary bucolic: of or in the countryside, literally a shepherd or cowhand sprig small shoot or twig of a plant, usually decorative or garnish filigree: a delicate ornamentation or detail usually gold or silver, on jewelry banshee: from Irish folklore,  a female spirit whose high-pitched wailing signals an imminent death (on the) dole: unemployed and receiving benefits from the government. Chapters XV-XXIII: prodigious: impressively large, awesome languorous: without energy or liveliness, sluggish gallantly  do something in a brave or heroic way dubious: having doubt or uncertainty, skeptical horde: a large unruly crowd saunter  to walk at a leisurely pace relegate: to demote or assign to a lower category Chapters XXIV-XXIX: gratis: free, without cost contempt:  disrespectful dislike conjecture: opinion based on incomplete information, speculation surreptitious: secretive, sneaky vivacious: animated, lively, happy-go-lucky thwarted: prevented from accomplishing something, disappointed sodden: drenched, thoroughly soaked Chapters XXX-XXXVII:   lulled: calmed, settled down putrid: decaying with a foul odor   debonair: sophisticated, charming lament: to mourn, or feel sad about a loss fastidious: having exacting attention to detail Chapters XXXIII-XLII: contrite: apologetic, feeling sincere regret for a misdeed contorted: twisted or misshapen infinitesimal: so small as to be irrelevant or unmeasurable Chapters XLIII-XLVI:   contemptuously: disrespectfully, disdainfully poignant: creating or evoking a feeling of sadness or empathy genuflect: to kneel and show deference or reverence especially in a house of worship vestment: garment worn by a member of clergy or religious order Chapters XLVII-LIII: vaudeville: variety show with comedic and slapstick performances rhetorically: speaking in a theoretical or speculative manner, not literally mollify: to pacify or appease matriculate: to enroll and pass through a school or course of study munitions: collection of weapons Chapters LV-LVI: prohibition: forbidding, or, period in American history when alcohol was illegal. jauntily: cheerful and arrogant, lively sachet: small perfumed bag This vocabulary list is just one part of our study guide on A Tree Grows in Brooklyn. Please see the links below for other helpful resources: Review: A Tree Grows in BrooklynQuotes from A Tree Grows in Brooklyn

Themes And Summary In Desirees Baby, By Kate Chopin

Summary: The story of â€Å"Desirees Baby† by Kate Chopin opens up with Madame Valmondà © going to visit Desiree and her infant. On her journey to L’Abri, a plantation owned by Armand Aubigny, she reminisces about Desiree’s youth. Desiree was an abandoned baby found by Monsieur Valmondà ©. Madame Valmondà © trusted Desiree was sent to her by God as she was not able to have her own children. Eight years has passed and Armand Aubigny, the son of a wealthy cruel master, suddenly falls in love with Desiree. Armand is so infatuated that he could not care less about Desirees ancestors and chooses it doesnt make a difference that she doesnt have her very own family name, on the off chance that he can give her an impeccably decent one, and so they†¦show more content†¦Analysis: Kate Chopin, the author of Desirees Baby developed many themes throughout this story. In each theme, there is a representation of something during the time period. The setting of Chopins story builds up the topics and the characters. The historical background of this short story is slavery. However, this story was composed in 1892, which was twenty-seven years after slavery was abrogated, but it took place during the era of slavery. In the story, Armand is a slave owner in Louisiana. Likewise, the background puts race and legacy into the story as the key focuses to be seen and caught on. The hypothesis that is applied in the story is that of Cultural Studies. The social examinations focuses on how and the way a specific subject identifies with social class, ethnicity, nationality, sexual orientation, and race. The Valmondà ©s, who are depicted as plantation owners, are set up as well off and white. Their appropriation of Desiree stresses their benevolence, in spite of their financia l flourishing. Her adoptive father discovers Desiree in the shadow of the stone pillar. This shadow symbolizes the mystery of her origin and the column is likewise a sign of the riches and property of the Valmondà ©s. Desirees appearance there brings her into a universe of benefit. Madame Valmondà ©s attribution of the young ladys appearance to Providence brings the subject of Fate into the story, whileShow MoreRelated Kate Chopins Desirees Baby - The Formalistic Approach Essay1129 Words   |  5 PagesThe Formalistic Approach to Desirees Baby  Ã‚      Kate Chopins narrative of Desirees Daughter created a sense of ambiguity among the reader until the last few sentences of the story.   However, the Formalistic Approach to Literature helps one to review the texts and notice countless relationships between the detailed components and conclusion of the story.   These elements draw clues and foreshadow the events that happen throughout the duration and climax of the narrative.   CloseRead MoreThe Awakening, the Story of an Hour, and Desirees Baby2934 Words   |  12 PagesThe Awakening, The Story of an Hour and Desiree’s Baby By: Destiny Frye Title The Awakening: The novel was titled â€Å"The Awakening,† because the main character Edna Pontellier goes through a series of liberations that cause her to â€Å"awaken† or become aware of her The Story of an Hour: The title refers to the actual duration of the story. All the events that take place in the story can happen in the time frame of an hour. Desiree’s Baby: The title refers to one of the main characters, Armand

Maintaining Weight After A Weight Management Program

Question: Discuss about the Maintaining Weight After A Weight Management Program? Answer: The management of weight is important for each individual, as managing weight helps people to stay healthy and fit. Gaining weight attempts to enhance the risk factors related to our healthy. Therefore, we should maintain our weight. It is more important for people who have already gained weight. Overweight, if not managed in the proper way can lead to obesity, which is one of the leading health issue related to a number of serious health problems including coronary heart disease, diabetes, hypertension, etc. (Abildso et al. 2014). Therefore, we need to make it sure that we should have gone through proper weight management program to reduce weight according to the health needs and to be fit. I have seen people going through mental stigma, for having overweight related issues. In that situation, consulting with a physician about health issues, and they would suggest to go through a weight management program. After the weight management program, the maintenance of weight is crucial, as most of the people tend to gain weight for inadequate lifestyle and behavioral attributes after attending a weight management program (Anderson 2016). In this context, from my viewpoint as a pharmacist, we should be responsible to manage my lifestyle and behavioral attributes to meet my goals related to weight management. I realized that gaining weight after two months of leaving weight management program is common. I realized it when I revealed that, skinny jeans, which fit me beautifully after going through the successful weight management program; it sometimes become uncomfortable (Vargo et al. 2012). Then I realized that it is due to inadequate lifestyle measures after weight management program. I went to an event, and one of my close friends highlighted the point, that he is gaining weight after completing his weight management program (Schroeder 2014). He has not renewed his gym membership, which also made it difficult to manage weight. One of my neighbors also told me that, he is gaining weight while celebrating the successful weight loss in weight management program. In busy schedule, people used to skip meals sometimes and lost commitment towards consumption of healthy and nutritious diet. I felt bad for thinking that, all of their effort in weight management program resulted worthless. In th is context, I realized that they need to be concern about the management of weight by modifying daily habits (Hoerster et al. 2014). I realized that, day-by-day people become impatience and tensed, which also affect their health. However, people become more tensed when I realized that, others taking part in the weight management program were maintaining their weight. Therefore, I need to concentrate on the measures for reducing gaining of weight. So What According to Leigh Smith (2015), weight gain after losing weight has become a common phenomenon in the young generation, as they cannot maintain their adequate healthy diet and lifestyle after going through a weight management program. I have reviewed some related articles and blogs, where I come to know the reasons, how and why people tend to gain weight after losing weight. One of the major reason is people tend of avoiding the scale provided and maintained during the weight management program. Actually, we need to maintain the similar or related diet chart and related lifestyle to maintain the metabolic and other physiological processes in a proper way (Schuler 2016). Another factor I have identified that is, people become tensed enough after going through the weight management program. There is also excitement to look slimmer after going through the weight management program. All of these phenomenon lead to the secretion of cortisol hormone, which is secreted during the pressuriz ed situation and slows down the metabolism process (Pearson and Grace 2012). Therefore, it is revealed that when we become tense foods tend to be stored in the body as fat. Thus, the researcher showed the weight loss program becomes worthless in this context. Sometimes, people tend to reward themselves in a wrong way by celebrating the success of weight management program and consuming sugar-based foods, it leads to gain weight back. We also stop to pay attention toward the dietary habits and do not pay attention in consuming an adequate amount of protein and other essential nutrients (Summerfield 2012). Not consuming adequate amount of protein and nutrients lead to the breakdown of muscles and slowing down the metabolic rate. From this information, I come to know that maintaining weight is essential for people, after they have gone through the weight management program (Martinez and Robinson 2012). While consulting with physician, I realized that the behavioral traits are keeping them in trouble. I reviewed literature related to weight maintenance after weig ht management program. In an article provided by Bunoy and Mirasol (2012), I realized that we should not skip breakfast. I have to convince people not to skip meals and should weigh regularly for keeping concentration on food habit. I also realized that it is harmful if we do not continue gym class. Now What Analyzing the current research-based information about the effects and approaches, which people can undertake to improve their dietary and lifestyle changes, I realized what approaches they should undertake to combat with weight gaining. Therefore, they need to take action to manage their weight gain (Schaumburg et al. 2013). In this context, I made a list of personal weight management objectives by consulting with other members of the weight management program. To do Description Not to skip meal Skipping meal leads to breakdown of muscle and slows down metabolism process, so we would consume small amount of meal after every 2-3 hours Renewing Jim membership they would renew Jim membership, which would keep them active and help to burn excess fat Keeping activity log Keeping an activity log would help to be aware of regular activity and its suitability to manage weight Tracking weight regularly It would help to keep themselves remembering about the weight management Commitment to my fitness class People should give commitment to fitness class to ensure they are not gaining enough weight Keep in touch with scientific journal Keeping in touch to a scientific journal would help to be updated about weight management tips, its pros and cons. Reference List Abildso, C., Schmid, O., Byrd, M., Zizzi, S., Quartiroli, A. and Fitzpatrick, S., 2014. Predictors of Weight Loss Maintenance following an Insurance-Sponsored Weight Management Program. Journal of Obesity, 2014, pp.1-12. Anderson, D., 2016. Shifting Gears from Weight Loss to Weight Maintenance. [online] SparkPeople. Available at: https://www.sparkpeople.com/resource/wellness_articles.asp?id=1063 [Accessed 3 Feb. 2016]. C Schroeder, M., 2014. Practical Application of a Comprehensive Weight Management Program in Patients with and without Metabolic Syndrome. J Obes Weight Loss Ther, s4(01). Hoerster, K., Lai, Z., Goodrich, D., Damschroder, L., Littman, A., Klingaman, E., Nelson, K. and Kilbourne, A., 2014. Weight Loss After Participation in a National VA Weight Management Program Among Veterans With or Without PTSD. PS, 65(11), pp.1385-1388. Leigh Smith, D., 2015. Reasons You Gain Weight Back After Losing Weight | Eat This Not That. [online] Eat This Not That. Available at: https://www.eatthis.com/reasons-you-gain-weight-back-after-losing-it [Accessed 3 Feb. 2016]. Martinez, M. and Robinson, H., 2012.Obesity and weight management. New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc. Pearson, D. and Grace, C., 2012. Weight management. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell. Bunoy, L. and C. Mirasol, R., 2012. Effectiveness of A Hospital-Based Weight Maintenance Program in Sustaining Weight Loss: A Retrospective Study. J Obes Wt Loss Ther, 02(04). Schaumburg, J., Foreman, C., Caulin-Glaser, T., Hyek, M., La Londe, M. and Snow, R., 2013. Weight Loss And Improved Lipid And Glucose Levels After Completion Of An Individualized 6-Month Weight Management Program Based In A Medical Wellness Facility. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 103, p.76. Schuler, L., 2016. 13 Ways to Maintain Your Weight Loss. [online] ACTIVE.com. Available at: https://www.active.com/nutrition/articles/13-ways-to-maintain-your-weight-loss?page=2 [Accessed 3 Feb. 2016]. Summerfield, L., 2012. Nutrition, exercise, and behavior. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. Vargo, K., Kennedy, E., Fisher, J., Sprogis, E. and Worley, S., 2012. 41. Sustaining Change: Long Term Maintenance of Weight Loss Following Completion of a Weight Management Program for Children and Adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 50(2), pp.S34-S35.

Market Equilibrating Process

The household consumer in any market ratifies and validates the sales and profit margins of the firms. The household consumer is the target for the goods and services availed in the market. The other concepts involved in the market equilibrating process include the production cost, market price, demand and supply, elasticity and market equilibrium.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Market Equilibrating Process specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The cost of production refers to the out of the pocket expenses incurred by the farmer towards availing a product or a service in the market. It combines both labor and capital intensive expenditures. The market price refers to the value for which the suppliers and consumers are willing to exchange goods and services. The cost of services and products become determined in the market as buyers and sellers interact. The sellers become sensitive that the market price includes th eir profit margin. Buyers become careful that the market price is not excessive. Demand and supply forces control the market economies. Demand refers to the number of people willing to buy a product or service from the suppliers. Market demand is the sum of all individual demands for services and products in a given market. Supply refers to the quantity or amount of services and products that are available to be purchased by the buyers. The market supply subsequently refers to the sum of all the goods and services available for sales in the market. Market demand and market supply cannot be fixed. They are elastic. Market elasticity for both demand and supply refers to the dynamic shifts in the amount of goods available for sales and the number of available buyers willing to purchase goods and services. This means that a well functioning market can experience both an increase and decrease in the goods supplied and demanded. Market equilibrium refers to the point at which everyone in the market is happy to make purchases at the prevailing price. Both buyers and sellers become satisfied (Adil, 2006).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More How do the market equilibrating concepts affect trading activities in a well functioning market? Changes in demand and supply affect how trading happens in the market economies. Supply can either be large or small. Supply becomes bigger when there is a variety in the choices of goods and services. When the choices become fewer, supply becomes small. Demand can be classified as either high or low. When the market has more buyers for a commodity the demand becomes higher and vice versa. The interaction between demand and supply affect the prevailing market price. Sometimes goods and services have a high demand and a small supply forcing buyers to spend more money on the fewer commodities. This means that the market price will be high. Other times the amount of goods and services will be large while the market demand is low. This means that the quantity of products in the market exceeds the number of available buyers. The prevailing market price inevitably goes low as suppliers lower prices to stay in business. Other times the amount of goods and service supplied in the market matches the existing demand. This causes the market to stabilize. The price in the market reaches an equilibrium state. This means that demand and supply balances. Conclusion The two most fundamental concepts in the market equilibrating process include demand and supply. The market reaches equilibrium when the market supply matches demand. References Adil, J.R. (2006). Supply and Demand. Minnesota: Capstone Press. This report on Market Equilibrating Process was written and submitted by user Aria Richardson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Animal Rights Vs. Human Rights Essays - Animal Testing, Free Essays

Animal Rights Vs. Human Rights Essays - Animal Testing, Free Essays Animal Rights Vs. Human Rights h Laboratory animals The use of laboratory animals is important to three main areas: biomedical research, product safety testing, and education. Biomedical researchers use animals to extend their understanding of the workings of the body and the processes of disease and health, and to develop new vaccines and treatments for various diseases. The research these people do isnt only for human benefit; it is also helping to develop veterinary techniques. The industry uses animals to test the effectiveness and safety of many consumer products, such as cosmetics, household cleaning products, pesticides, chemicals, and drugs. Educators, from elementary school all the way up to college, use animals as parts of the teaching process, including dissecting worms, and frogs in science classes to medical students using animals to learn surgical techniques. Scientists study animals to learn more about certain species: its history, its psychological and social behaviors, and its skills. If the animals are kept in captivity, they can be caused pain that isnt natural part of its environment. A number of organizations wish to replace and reduce the number of animals being used or, at the very least, lessen the pain. Rats and mice make up 85-90% of animals used in research, education, and testing. Rabbits, guinea pigs, hamsters, dogs, cats, and non-human primates are studied as well. Dogs and Cats make up about 1% of research animals. The certain animal depends on what is being studied. The majority of rats and mice are bred specifically for research. Half of the dogs and cats that are used are bred for that purpose too. Animal dealers are the primary source for the rest. Animal dealers must be licensed by the USDA, or the United States Department of Agriculture and have to obey the standards of care set up by the Animal Welfare Act. h Alternatives to Animal Testing Alternative methods fall into three main categories, also known as the three Rs: Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement. Replacement is when animals are replaced, either by absolute replacement, which is when an animal is completely replaced, or by relative replacement, just cells and tissues are used, instead of the whole animal. Replacement isnt always an option although, for those animals that do undergo testing, scientists try to lessen the pain and make the animals more comfortable. Replacement isnt considered an option anymore-it has become daily. A few years ago, when a woman wanted to find out whether or not she was pregnant, she had to stop at a laboratory and get a test that involved killing a rabbit. Nowadays, she can buy and over-the-counter kit that tests her for certain chemicals. Computers are a new high-tech method of replacement. For example, dissection on a computer model instead of real, live frogs, which I would prefer! People are becoming increasingly popular when it comes time for the needs for volunteers for new facial and skin products. Reduction is the second method involves sharing research animals. For one example, if one scientist doing a study on the lungs of a sheep, when it comes time to kill the sheep he will allow the others to use his kidneys, liver or heart. Refinement being the third choice means to reduce any pain and suffering that the animal is going through. Techniques that are less hostile to the animal can also be considered refinement. Researchers can use ultrasound or an MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) to see what is going on inside the animal instead of cutting into it. The cosmetics industry, which 20 years ago tested all its products on animals has come so close to stopping using animals. Many companies have reduced the use of whole-animal testing by 80 V 90%. Some have eliminated it completely. Since the 80s many companies have put serious amounts of money and effort into a search for alternatives for animal testing. Plus, most ingredients that are being used today have already been tested on an animal and have shown to be safe. h What kinds of tests are being done? The chronic-toxicity tests assess the effects of long-term exposure, often at low levels, to certain subjects. Acute-toxicity tests evaluate the risk of short-term exposure, accidental contact with eyes, skin and indigestion. There have two

Best Websites to Learn English

Best Websites to Learn English Best Websites to Learn English Best Websites to Learn English By Sharon Whether you are learning English as a second language or trying to polish your already adequate grammar and style skills, the seven websites below can help. 1. Memrise Memrise is an online flashcard website where people can upload their own flashcard stacks. You can find a range of topics ranging from Geography to Electronics to Fashion. These flashcards are great if you want to learn English vocabulary for specific topics, as the majority of flashcards come with pictures and sounds to aid your learning. Even if you know English very well, Memrise can help you learn higher-level English, with flashcards covering SAT and GRE English, and more. 2. Duolingo If your first language is not English, and you are confused about where to go first, I suggest Duolingo. Duolingo is a language-learning website that transforms the language-learning process into a game. You are given tasks like matching words to flashcards, picking the most appropriate word for a sentence, writing what you hear, and more, all in your native language. Duolingo will help you take your English abilities in reading, writing, listening, and speaking, to a basic conversational level once you finish the course. From there, you can take the reverse course, translating from English into your native language. The learning never stops at Duolingo. I often find myself redoing the courses to solidify my abilities. 3. Dictionary.com Everyone, at one time or another, needs a dictionary. There are hundreds of thousands of words in the English language and not many people know them all. Everyone, from the most basic of beginners to the more advanced speakers of the English language, should bookmark Dictionary.com for future reference. You never know when you will need to learn what a word means, like hesperidium. Use that in a sentence! 4. Readable.io Sometimes, the best learning happens when we teach ourselves. It is one thing to learn from others, but we can really solidify the lessons learnt by going over our own mistakes, and correcting them. Readable.io checks your typed text for you, highlighting your ease and ability at writing. Using readability scores, text analytics, keyword densities, and sentiment analysis, you can learn where your writing skills are lacking, and how to correct them. This website can be a very valuable tool for the self-taught writer. I used it all throughout school on academic paper drafts. 5. Purdue Online Writing Lab Run by Purdue University, the Purdue Online Writing Lab can teach you how to form grammatically-perfect sentences. Although the website is meant for university-level students, anyone can improve their grammar and abilities in English via the site. You can learn how to improve your general writing abilities, perform better research and cite that research, and more. There is even a section on English as a Second Language. Regardless of your English abilities, you should use this resource if you are performing research of any kind. From grade-school assignments to masters-level citations, any student can benefit from the Purdue Online Writing Lab. 6. Grammarly Sometimes, you just want to check your grammar, sentence by sentence. Grammarly will provide suggestions based on your written input. You can use this website to increase your vocabulary range and your written skills. There are many words in the English language that can confuse even the most ardent of English speakers. I still meet adults today who misuse â€Å"two,† â€Å"too,† and â€Å"to.† Understanding the differences that words can make in the meanings of sentences is vital to improving your English. While Grammarly is not free, it is worth every penny. 7. Upwork While Upwork is not exactly a website where you can learn English, it can help you improve your reading, writing, and speaking abilities by helping you hire a tutor. Upwork is an online marketplace where you can hire individuals to help you with a variety of things. Rates are affordable and each person offering a service has a complete profile with ratings and review from previous clients. For a reasonable price, you can contract an English tutor to speak with you online and help you with your English. They can help improve your conversational English abilities, grade your written English, teach you new concepts in the English language and more. Due to the versatility, affordability, and accessibility of online marketplaces like Upwork, this resource can be one of the most valuable ones you use as you learn English online. Good luck. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Writing Basics category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:How to Punctuate References to Dates and TimesOne Fell SwoopHow Long Should a Synopsis Be?

Strategic Role of Human Resource Management Assignment

Strategic Role of Human Resource Management - Assignment Example A good place to start this was in the business of home textiles, as the firm successfully established its first renowned brand in the home textiles market in Turkey. Earlier in 1990s, the firm managed to engage itself in the business of electronics after acquiring Vestel Electronics. Zorlu aimed further to expand by taking the plunge into the energy sector in 1996. After ten years, the firm started to initiate another business in the real estate. Today, in Vestel Electronics alone, Zorlu is employing more than 15,000 people, and having 1,050 sales points and 400 after-sales service centres. Having almost 50 companies, Zorlu has now become home to around 30,000 employees who manage to work with the company for the future of providing highly improved quality of life for all. Prior to the actual recognition of potential applicants who would make it through the entire recruitment process, the Zorlu Group is adhering to its policy to select the human resource having a heart to live in its core values. On its website for its Human Resource Policy, the firm states, â€Å"We expect every employee to commit to our group’s shared values† (Zorlu Holding, 2013). This shows that Zorlu would want to become effective in employing its corporate culture and strategy by making sure that the human resource has the adherence to its core values. After passing the tests, the successful applicants would proceed to series of at least 2 or 3 interviews with the HR or the executives in relevant departments who would initiate at some point a competency-based interview (Zorlu, 2009). Those who would make it all the way from the general tests to interviews proceed to offer stage. This is the final part of the recruitment process where the applicants would receive employment contracts if they accept the offer (Zorlu, 2009). This process is a clear indication of optimising the human resource’s potential contribution for organisational benefit (Compton et al., 2009). This also paves the

Marginalized people of the Atlantic world Research Paper

Marginalized people of the Atlantic world - Research Paper Example First of all who are these marginalized people? Since, it is implied from its name that marginalized people are those who were living on margins or on edges. Yes, these are those people who are living on the lines of Atlantic coasts. These people adopted piracy as their only source of income due to many reasons such as racism, biasness, unemployment, unstable economic conditions, governmental ambitions, and many more. This paper discusses each of these reasons in fairly manner and in the justifies the role of pirates in an efficient manner. For years, pirates were the major cause of damage to the Atlantic world. Whatever it looks now, it is because pirates have done lots of destruction in that area. Their cruelties and inhuman activities last for almost thirteen years. It was all started in the end of 17th century and in the start of 18th century. Being accurate, it began in 1715 and ended up in 1728. It might not look a huge period to the listeners or readers but it was an era of ca lamities and disasters for all the victims around the Atlantic world. The piracy was so voguish in that epoch that in the history that time is termed as the Golden Age of Piracy. For pirates yes it was a very blissful and harmonious period of time when they achieved almost everything they aimed for. They gathered lots of gold, silver, and other treasures for them. They were very keen and focused towards their goal of being rich as early as possible. Therefore, they have adopted the shortest and illegal way to collect money for them. Now, let us explore what piracy truly is? And what were the major problems in the Atlantic history? In general terms, Piracy is an extremely criminal activity in which pirates plunder ships and communities around a certain area. The piracy executed in the Atlantic region is remembered even today and is considered as the most terrifying act of that eon. In that area, piracy was at its peak because there were lots of opportunities for this kind of inhuman activity. All the trade from the Europe to Africa went through this passage and pirates found it an excellent occasion for themselves. This trade between Europe and Africa has truly flourished piracy in its actual means. The pirates of that area were mostly belonged to Europe i.e. from Scotland, England, Wales, Ireland, and so on. Few of them were from Africa i.e. France, Portugal, Denmark, Belgium, Sweden, and so on. I think that is enough of what piracy is? Now let us bend the discussion of the paper towards the other side of story and that is what made these pirates, actually pirate? And also, why those people preferred piracy as their occupation and rejected all other reputable vocations? Generally, being a common man we just comment on what happened and do not think about why this happened. Whereas there is a valid reason behind everything, that is why whenever we talk about a crime, we should keep in mind that there are few things that should not be overlooked while considerin g anyone a criminal. Firstly, what is the mental condition of the person who has committed the crime? Secondly, what crime has been committed and in what scenarios? And last but not the least, the location where the crime has been committed? Though laws for all sorts of crimes are there and it does not accept these things but as we are human beings, we can think the other way and thus we should keep in mind these things while coming to any decision regarding any person. There were many reasons for which people of the Atlantic world have chosen piracy as their profession instead of doing otherwise. The later part of this

Cultural Oppression Essay Example for Free

Cultural Oppression Essay Both African Americans and Asian Americans have suffered racial discrimination, slavery, persecution, difficulty in receiving citizenship even though their children were born in the United States and challenges in demonstrating their cultural identity. They experienced difficulty in classifying themselves as purely American because of their outward appearance. Moreover, they always tend to feel insulted that white Americans will always judge them by stereotypes, not by what they really are. African Americans have suffered dual consciousness in the United States, always struggling to receive social and economic equality, both as a Negro and an American. Although political equality has been granted to African Americans, they still suffered inequality in terms of achieving social and economic wealth. The effects of cultural oppression on African Americans have put them at high probability of suffering continued hindrances to achieve societal empowerment and affirmation. However, the richness of African cultures that place importance on collective lifestyle has helped African Americans to be accepted in the United States. Asian Americans were pressured to learn how they could assimilate themselves into different cultural society in the country. The cultural oppression suffered by Asian Americans has helped them to establish their own community in order for them to become self-sufficient. The impact of the Eastern philosophies, Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism, on Asian culture has helped families to become paternally oriented and hierarchical. The notable reason why some Asians have the tendency to avoid debate and discussion or to appear indecisive is because of these philosophies that teach them principles of harmony, balance and peace. This Asian culture has provided them to act in a positive way and to learn the importance of having self-knowledge about how others behave towards them. Reference Information on Specific Cultural Groups. Retrieved April 17, 2009, from http://education. byu. edu/diversity/culture. html.

Ralf Michaels: The Detroit Principles as Global Background

Ralf Michaels: The Detroit Principles as Global Background INTRODUCTION: The article which is being critically evaluated in this essay is, Ralf Michaels, THE UNIDROIT PRINCIPLES AS GLOBAL BACKGROUND LAW (2014) 19(4) Uniform Law Review 1-22. In this essay the research objectives of the article will be seen which will be taking us through the actual study and research and will also tell us the actual purpose. Following this the research methodology of the article will be assessed which will show the data collection methods and ways and the purpose of the research study. After this the literature review of the article will be evaluated which will be followed by the research findings of the article. Finally, the essay will be concluded. The conclusion will state weather the research methodology used by the author Ralf Michaels was relevant for their study or not. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES: The most important thing for any research proposal is defining the main objectives of the research proposal. What is the main point or purpose of the research? What are the research problems that research is focussing upon and, why? Research objectives are the statements which focusses upon the identification and description of variables and on finding the relationships of variables.[1] Ralf Michaels have developed a very and concise research objective for his study. The general illustrations of the categories and the types of information that the researcher desires to obtain from the study is taken into consideration in research objectives.[2] His study objective was that, the role played by the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC), which is along with the findings concerning the actual use of the Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC). Finally, the use of PICC in private international law, their use to interpret the Contracts for the Int ernational Sale of goods (CISG), their relationship with other non-State codifications, and their relationship with a possible global commercial code is discussed. The objectives main purpose is to mix the hypothesis with the main study, the study objectives should be clearly stated as they define the main aims of the research proposal.[3] And the article written by Ralf Michaels totally justifies it. In the beginning of the article the author is focussing on the role which PICC has played successfully and where it has not. This is followed by the authors suggestion that characterizes the PICC as a non-State code, or even a non- State legal systemfor example, a new lex mercatoria. Finally, the author tells about some implications and their use in private international law, the use of these implications to interpret the UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG), their relationship with other non- State codifications, and their relationship with a possible global commercial code. The research process is a systematic process which is made of patterns so that the data which is not required is not collected and it helps in solving the problem and it involves three main stages. These are: Planning, Data Collection, and Analysis.[4] Ralf Michaels also makes it clear to all the readers the clear research objective of his article by stating in the initial paragraphs that what he wants to say and his inclination towards the PICC and its uses in private international law and interpretation of CISG in international contracts of sale. ARTICLES RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: Research methodology is a way to systematically solve the research problem. The methodology may include publication research, interviews, surveys, and other techniques of research and both historical as well as present information is included. The research methodology should be good to get new ideas.[5] The researcher here has used the doctrinal research methodology for his article. Doctrinal research provides a systematic mixture of the rules that governs the legal category and analyses the relationship between the rules, explaining the area of difficulty.[6] Doctrinal research is concerned with the formulation of legal doctrines through the analysis of legal rules.[7] The researcher in his article has used black letter approach by referring various books, comments and most importantly by referring the work of UNIDROIT and its principles and some other agencies like International Chamber of Commerce (ICC). In doctrinal research, there are systematic formulations of the law contexts. They clarify ambiguities within rules, place them in a logical and coherent structure and describe their relationship to other rules.[8] And per what has been observed in the article by Ralf Michaels he has also referred to a lot many Acts and statutes to make his argument to the point. He has used Part II on the uses of the PICC,[9] PICC as a global background law and PICC as a global commercial code[10] and applicability of PICC along with PICC as an applicable law in the absence of a choice. The dominance of the expository, doctrinal tradition in legal scholarship has already been noted. However, it is important to understand that this is not simply a single, isolated category of scholarship. Some element of doctrinal analysis will be found in all but the most radical forms of legal research. Here are some of the radical forms of research APPLIED (Professional constituency), PURE (Academic constituency), INTERDISCIPLINARY METHODOLOGY (Research about law) and the one which the au thor is using in the article is DOCTRINAL METHODOLOGY (Research in law).[11] Although law reform research appears as a separate category within. Its practitioners emphasise the importance of traditional legal analysis within their socio-legal work. Doctrinal analysis therefore remains the defining characteristics of academic legal research and the account which follows represents an attempt to describe the nature of the methodologies employed within it.[12] Ralf Michaels is also very adamant in his article by following the doctrinal research method. In his article where he just wants to give an idea about PICC and its various uses as background law as well in modern days which is used in interpretation of the commercial sale contracts and also the applicability of PICC. He tries to prove his point by strictly adhering to the black letter approach and using old laws and judgements and law acts and statutes. The nature of legal research depends on the objectives of the researcher. The object may be to investigate the policy which the law should be seeking to implement. This type of research tends to be more theoretical and may require engagement with other disciplines, such as sociology, politics, economics, and philosophy. The doctrinal research methodology is made within the common law as a research method of the main practice. Doctrine is a mixture of various rules, principles, norms, and values. This is doctrinal research.[13] If, however, the same problem is viewed from the perspective of a principled analysis of the law, different questions would be asked. The starting point will be to determine what the relevant cases decide. After that the researcher will determine whether any relevant principles can be distilled from those cases, then identify the policy which underpins the principle and finally consider whether the law is right. One of the main purpose of a research is to make reasonable conclusions about the population under investigation from the results realized from a sample.[14] If the principle does not accurately reflect the policy then the law may be wrong and the researcher will consider other alternative solutions to the problem. This is a much more academic approach to doctrinal research, since it looks beyond the mere solution of the problem to the identification of a defensible rationale which underpins the detailed rules.[15] Principles of the legal research methods are tailored to the needs of the researchers. Various issues like the participatory and community based research as well as empirical methods are also examined along with the principle approaches which are commonly used in the legal research. The emphasis is being put on how the research is being done instead of the what is being done. This has become the nature of legal research.[16] This also hinders the researchers from getting enough information on the topic under investigation. The essential features of doctrinal research methods are that it involves the analysis of the legal concepts and in this research conventional sources of data are used. Doctrinal legal research focusses upon the data  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   which is collected from the cases, statues, legal concepts, law reports as well as relevant text books. Since, the doctrinal legal research is the research of the black letters of the law, therefore, the ascertainment of law is required and is necessary. The research of a doctrinal legal researcher is based on the secondary data which is relevant to his proposition. Doctrinal legal research is not about research about law but it is a research which is into law and legal concepts.[17] Ralf Michaels in this article The Unidroit principles as global background law tries to use the same methodology by identifying the rule of law and describing the factual situation and then concluding with all the laws and the facts. The author who is disturbed with the fac t that there is misuse of the comparative law as tool of law reform have tried the doctrinal research approach or the black letter approach as the methodology of the article. ETHICAL ISSUES EXPLORED IN THE ARTICLE: Ethics are the principles and guidelines which helps us in understanding and determining the things which are morally right and justifiable. Many ethical issues are widely differed in research. Some writers disagree on the points that weather they are ethically acceptable in social research or not. If there is any unethical research then it may be associated with a research methods, like the disguised observation and deception in experiments.[18] The ethical issues can be raised in all parts of the research like the definition, parts where the research objectives have been defined, where the hypothesis have been defined, part of the literature review, data collection points, data editing and cleaning, choice of the methods, conclusions, and recommendations and the referencing.[19] Research that poses potential harm, risk, or danger to the participant is not allowed, unless the beneà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ t of the research outweighs the risks and full informed consent is given. Psychologists and their assistants are also responsible for conducting themselves ethically and for treating the participants in an ethical manner always.[20] Ethics apply at every stage of the research. The research is dependent on the goodwill as for the goodwill of the individuals and the respondents and their willingness to give the personal information. Trust is also a very important factor in ethics, as weather the decision makers trust the researchers to provide accurate information. Finally, comes the professionalism and confidentiality in ethics in research.[21] A research must be conducted in a safe an ethical manner. While carrying a research a researcher must ensure that the rights of the research subjects are not violated in any manner.[22] There are few ethical considerations, which are as follows: Informed Consent Invasion of Privacy and confidentiality Deception Protection from harm Data Protection Affiliation and Conflict of Interest[23] In the article by Ralf Michaels, he also strictly followed the ethical standards which made a significant contribution to the quality and integrity of the study. In the first part of his article Ralf Michaels also mentioned in the beginning of the article the author is focussing on the role which PICC has played successfully and where it has not. This is followed by the authors suggestion that characterizes the PICC as a non-State code, or even a non- State legal systemfor example, a new lex mercatoria. Finally, the author tells about some implications and their use in private international law, the use of these implications to interpret the UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG), their relationship with other non- State codifications, and their relationship with a possible global commercial code. he totally has no intentions to criticize comparative law as an academic discipline nor he intends to put the doubt on the utility of development of comparati ve law. These statements by the author of the article proves that he strictly adheres to the ethical standards. Psychologists, as well as their assistants, are responsible for maintaining the dignity and welfare of all participants. This obligation also entails protecting them from harm, unnecessary risks, or mental and physical discomfort that may be inherent in the research procedure. Scientific research work, as all human activities, is governed by individual, community, and social values. Research ethics involve requirements on daily work, the protection of dignity of subjects and the publication of the information in the research.[24] ARTICLES LITERATURE REVIEW: Review of the literature is a summary as well as the critical analysis of the relevant article which is being researched and which is the topic that is being studied. The main aim of the literature review is to update the reader with the current present literature as well as the justification for future research in the area. A good literature review is one which collects and gathers information from various sources. The information is about a subject. A literature review should be structured perfectly and its structuring is very important to enhance the flow and readability of the review.[25] There are a few types of literature review, these are: Traditional or Narrative Literature Review Systematic Literature Review[26] Conducting a deep review of past studies serves three main functions[27]. It helps the researcher to make himself familiar with the content, conclusions, and methodology of past studies along with the problems or need of the research and to show the main issues which has a relevance with the study. In this way, the researcher can understand wide context of the research which is related to the specific issue, problem or need, along with this it also helps in avoiding duplication of the available research, particularly outdated or flawed research. Reviewing literature on the previous studies makes the researcher coming across the benefits and drawbacks of different methods and methodologies for research. Literature reviews should objectively report the current knowledge on a topic and provide a summary of the best available research from previously published studies related to a specific topic. The synthesis of a literature reviewed provides an informed perspective or a comprehensive overview of the knowledge available on the topic. The detailed overview should be written in such a way as to provide clarity and promote understanding by the reader. Clinicians and researchers use literature reviews in decision making as well as to identify, justify and refine hypothesis and to recognize and avoid pitfalls in previous research. Literature reviews afford a means for validating assumptions and opinions and providing insight into the dynamics underlying the findings of other studies and they may offer more conclusive results than a single primary research study. Some specific purpose of literature review is to provide a theoretical framework for a specific topic under study. Then define relevant or key terms and important variables used for a study or manuscript development. Then to provide a synthesize overview of current evidence for practice to gain new perspective and support assumptions and opinions presented in a manuscript using research studies and so forth. Then to identify the main methodology and research techniques previously used and lastly to demonstrate the gap in the literature, pointing to the significance of the problem and need for the quality improvement project to be conducted.[28] The literature review conveys the previous knowledge and facts to the reader, which are established on a topic. It also conveys the strengths and weaknesses of the topic to the reader. It updates the reader with the exact state of the research in a field and tells if there are any contradictions which may challenge the findings of the research studies. Literature review helps in improving the research methodologies as well as the tools which are used in the research investigation. It also provides the researchers with the knowledge about the problems which the previous researchers might have faced while studying the same topic.[29] A literature review is an evaluative report of studies found in the literature related to your selected area.   The review should describe, summarize, evaluate, and clarify this literature. It should give a theoretical basis for the research and help you determine the nature of your own research. Select a limited number of works that are central to your area rather than trying to collect many works that are not as closely connected to your topic area.[30] Hence in the article by Ralf Michaels, he has taken a care about the literature review and hence the issues, the methods, conclusions, and the methodology are done in a very systematic manner and in a very nice way and that shows the real success of his study. FINDINGS OF THE RESEARCHER: In the article The Unidroit principles as global background law the author Ralf Michaels aims to try and tell the people the role played by the principles of UNIDROIT after so many years of existence, and that the role played is quite different from the one which was originally intended.The researcher also present nine facts and findings which were regarding the actual use of the PICC, which can be assessed based on published opinions, legislation, and scholarship. Then the researcher findings are used to suggest that the PICC should be viewed as a code or even a non-state law, instead its a restatement of global general contract law and its function is that of a background law. Finally, the researcher discusses implications of these findings for concrete questions: their use in private international law, their use to interpret the CISG, their relationship with other non-State codifications, and their relationship with a possible global commercial code. Ralf Michaels has made sure th at all the findings are errorless which enhanced their validity and reliability. So therefore, here it can be said that the findings by the researcher are relevant and up to the mark. CONCLUSION: It can be now concluded that Ralf Michaels conducted a very nice and thorough research about the PICC as a principle, its uses and its applicability and functions. How it is used in interpreting CISG and its relation with other non-state codifications. He keeps his focus on the uses of PICC along with its applicability and its relation with other non-state codifications along with its importance in interpreting the CISG. Also, the success of the research can be accredit by the fine use the methodology by the researcher. Ralf Michaels was very optimistic to use the doctrinal approach or the so called black letter approach for his research. This methodology of research helped Ralf Michaels to gather all the facts from the cases and the laws from previous judgement and helped him to put his agreement forward in a very sensible and confident way. Due to the doctrinal research method, he was able to compare the laws and he was able to put forward what he wanted to say. The study design us ed by the researcher is also very commendable. Ralf Michaels always tried to explain his point by using and giving references from others work in the related field along with background laws and statues which made his research really interesting and also very strong. The researcher made five parts of his article along with sub parts to the main parts so that he can try to prove his point very nicely and with that five parts of the article he really managed to pull his article to good level of success. The ethical issues are also covered in the article and the researcher has done that very skilfully. Nowhere in the article we can pick up any bad words or the insults to anybody. The article was written very precise and satisfactory. REFERENCE LIST: file:///storage/emulated/O/Download/Research_Methods_Session_04.pdf> accessed 8 January 2017 Bailey, F. 2014 The Origin and Success of Qualitative Research, International Journal of Market Research, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 167-184 Can J Surg, Research Questions, Hypothesis and Objectives (2010) 52(4) 280 Dr. Wanjohi J, Research Objectives Presentation 26 June 2014 SPS, (2014) http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/research-methodology.html> accessed 10 January 2017 accessed 10 January 2017 Knight A and Ruddock L (eds), Advanced research methods in the built environment (Wiley-Blackwell (an imprint of John Wiley Sons Ltd) 2008) Chynoweth P, Legal research in the built environment: A methodological framework (2011) Ralf Michaels, The UNIDROIT principles as global background law (2014) 19(4) Uniform Law Review 1-22 Chynoweth P, Legal research in the built environment: A methodological framework (2011) Duncan, N.J. Hutchinson, Defining and describing what we do: Doctrinal legal research (2012) 17(1) Deakin Law Review 83-84 Bryman, A. 2012, Social Research Methods. Oxford: OUP Oxford Cahillane L and Schweppe J 9eds), Legal research methods: Principles and Practicalities (Clarus Press 2016) http://www.academia.edu/15065282/Doctrinal_Legal_Research> accessed 11 January 2017 MaiJoy, Ranjeeta Lamba (2 September 2011) www.slideshare.net/MaiJoy/research-methodology-ethical-issues-in-research-an-assignment> accessed 11 January 2017 A BRIEF HISTORY OF ETHICAL CONCERNS, accessed 11 January 2017 Fouka G and Mantzorou M, What are the Major Ethical Issues in Conducting Research? Is there a Conflict between the Research Ethics and the Nature of Nursing? 5(1) Health Science Journal 3-14 Cronin P, Ryan F, and Coughlan M, Undertaking a literature review: A step-by-step approach (2008) 17(1) British Journal of Nursing 38-43 Lamb, D. 2013 Research in the First Person: Reflection on the Research Experience Using a Research Journal, Market Social Research, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 32-39. Baker JD, The purpose, process, and methods of writing a literature review (2016) 103(3) AORN Journal 265-269 Path N and Nursing path, Niharika pedamallu (7 May 2013) https://www.slideshare.net/mobile/drjayeshpatidar/literature-review-in-research accessed 14 January 2017 Purpose of the literature review, (2008) http://library.queensu.ca/webedu/grad/Purpose_of_the_Literature_Review.pdf> accessed 14 January 2017 [1] file:///storage/emulated/O/Download/Research_Methods_Session_04.pdf> accessed 8 January 2017 [2] Bailey, F. 2014 The Origin and Success of Qualitative Research, International Journal of Market Research, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 167-184 [3] Can J Surg, Research Questions, Hypothesis and Objectives (2010) 52(4) 280 [4] Dr. Wanjohi J, Research Objectives Presentation 26 June 2014 SPS, (2014) [5] http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/research-methodology.html> accessed 10 January 2017 [6] accessed 10 January 2017 [7] Knight A and Ruddock L (eds), Advanced research methods in the built environment (Wiley-Blackwell (an imprint of John Wiley Sons Ltd) 2008) [8] Chynoweth P, Legal research in the built environment: A methodological framework (2011) [9] Ralf Michaels, The UNIDROIT principles as global background law (2014) 19(4) Uniform Law Review 1-22 [10] ibid [11] Chynoweth P, Legal research in the built environment: A methodological framework (2011) [12] ibid [13] Duncan, N.J. Hutchinson, Defining and describing what we do: Doctrinal legal research (2012) 17(1) Deakin Law Review 83-84 [14]Bryman, A. 2012, Social Research Methods. Oxford: OUP Oxford [15] ibid [16] Cahillane L and Schweppe J 9eds), Legal research methods: Principles and Practicalities (Clarus Press 2016) [17] http://www.academia.edu/15065282/Doctrinal_Legal_Research> accessed 11 January 2017 [18] MaiJoy, Ranjeeta Lamba (2 September 2011) www.slideshare.net/MaiJoy/research-methodology-ethical-issues-in-research-an-assignment> accessed 11 January 2017 [19] ibid [20] A BRIEF HISTORY OF ETHICAL CONCERNS, accessed 11 January 2017 [21] MaiJoy, Ranjeeta Lamba (2 September 2011) www.slideshare.net/MaiJoy/research-methodology-ethical-issues-in-research-an-assignment> accessed 11 January 2017 [22] ibid [23] ibid [24] Fouka G and Mantzorou M, What are the Major Ethical Issues in Conducting Research? Is there a Conflict between the Research Ethics and the Nature of Nursing? 5(1) Health Science Journal 3-14 [25] Cronin P, Ryan F, and Coughlan M, Undertaking a literature review: A step-by-step approach (2008) 17

Across a Hundred Mountains Short Essay Essay

The novel Across a Hundred Mountains by Reyna Grande is a story about two young girls and their struggling journey to find happiness between two conflicting and distinct worlds: the United States and Mexico. Juana on one side wants to get to the United States, or â€Å"el otro lado† as mentioned in the novel, to find her father who abandoned her and her mother after leaving to find work in the US. On the other hand Adelina escapes from her house in California to follow her lover to Mexico. The girls form a bond in the most unexpected of places, a Tijuana jail, and quickly form a friendship that will connect them for the rest of their lives. Through Juana’s story, Reyna, impersonates the journey and struggles that many people have to endure to get to the United States so they can have a better life for them and their families. Juana’s main motivation to cross over to the other side is to find her father that â€Å"abandoned† her and her mother when she was still a little girl, but she is also driven by harsh living conditions, oppression by a corrupt government, and hunger. Throughout her youth in Mexico Juana encounters many problems, both emotional and physical and these later encourage her to look for a better life in the United States. When she is twelve she is left in charge taking care of her baby sister in a flooded house while her mother goes out and looks for her father who still hasn’t returned from work. The next day as her father wakes her, she sees that her sister is missing and the baby is found drowned in the depths of the water of her flooded house. Juana has to deal with the guilt of her sister’s death, causing her great emotional and physical pain. As if things were not bad enough, this is not the only thing that Juana has to endure throughout her youth. After her sister’s death, her father leaves for â€Å"el otro lado† in search of work, leaving behind the debt of her sister’s funeral. No money is sent from the United States to pay the debt, so Juana has to sustain seeing her mother become a prostitute for Don Elias, the man her father owes money to. In Mexico all Juana finds are harsh living conditions and oppression that later give her strength to start her journey to the United States. Over time Juana has a more pleasant experience in the United States due to the kindness of strangers such as Don Ernesto but finds no peace until she recovers her father’s ashes and releases them where they belong. In the state of Guerrero, Mexico. The other main character of the story is Adelina a girl who leaves her home in California to go to Mexico. Adelina is driven out of the United States because her family won’t accept her relationship with her lover, so they both decide to go to Tijuana, a city in Mexico. Not much is said about Adelina’s experienced in the United States. What we do know is that she had a family that loved her, but she decided to leave it all behind to be together with her boyfriend Gerardo. In Mexico she finds nothing but shame and misery because Gerardo could not find a job and the only way for them to make money was for her to be a prostitute. Besides having to expose her body, Adelina, is physically and emotionally mistreated by her boyfriend until it finally leads to her death when she tells him that she is going back to the United States with Juana. My Personal Experience Juana’s and Adelina’s stories are slightly similar to mine but overall they are quite different. Me and my sister were born here in the United States. I was born in San Diego, California and she was born in Phoenix, Arizona. When I was little I lived in Tijuana for eight years and we had a nice house, but my father decided that me and my sister needed to get a better education so we moved to San Diego in 2002. I have lived there ever since. My father was born in the city of Torreon in the state of Coahuila, Mexico, but he applied for his US citizenship at a young age and they granted it to him so when we moved to San Diego all of us where US citizens except my mother but she recently obtained it too. To some extent you could say that both Juana and I were looking for a better life here in the United States, but my journey here was much smoother because we did not have to cross over to â€Å"el otro lado† illegally and we were not oppressed by harsh living conditions like Juana. Even today I still visit Tijuana almost every weekend because most of my family is over there. I know my way around there almost the same as I know my way around San Diego. I can definitely say that Mexico has a corrupt government and many poor colonies, but there is much beauty to be seen there and not just in Tijuana city but all 32 of Mexico’s states. Beauty that surpasses that of any of the 50 states of the United States.

Strategic Global Management

Multiple-choice Chapter 6 Which of the following is not true for a capability? A) it cannot be traded B) it changes over time C) it can be easily described in detail D) it can improve value Which of the following is not a necessary condition for the effective implementation of a pay for performance system? A) employees must be able to control the pace of production B) there should be a lower bound on product qualityC) managers should receive a high bonus for the piece rate work of their employees D) team members should have roughly the same preferences for effort Which of the following is not an activity in the value chain? A) outbound procurement B) marketing C) technology development D) operations Chapter 7 A key assumption underlying theories of vertical integration is: A) Opportunistic behavior B) Suppliers and buyers have the same size C) Suppliers and buyers are located in the same country D) Firms are boundarylessIn the strategic sourcing framework, firms vertically integrate when A) the firm’s need to control and its ability to perform an activity are both high B) there is high uncertainty surrounding the transaction with the supplier C) the need to control and the ability to perform the activity are uncorrelated D) the supplier has invested in high technology 14. The two most studied types of uncertainty that influence vertical integration decisions are: A) exchange rate and volume B) labor cost and technological C) material cost and labor costD) volume and technological The standard theory of vertical integration over the industry life cycle states A) vertical integration occurs primarily in the early and late stages B) vertical integration increases in the shakeout C) vertical integration increases throughout the life cycle D) vertical integration decreases over the life cycle Chapter 8 Which of the following is generally a motivation for the formation of technology partnerships among large firms? A) coalition formation in the context of stand ards competition B) sharing complementary technologiesC) interfirm learning of process innovations D) all of the above In which industry are partnerships based on patent sharing prevalent? A) data communications B) semiconductors C) biotechnology D) pharmaceuticals When does the ability of a potential partner to cooperate effectively become apparent? A) when it promises to follow the rules of the alliance B) when it is certified by an appropriate agency C) when the network of partnerships in the industry develops D) all of the above Chapter 9A nationally segmented industry is one in which: A) country specific advantage and firm specific advantage are both high B) country specific advantage is high and firm-specific advantage is low C) country specific advantage is low and firm specific advantage is low D) none of the above Which of the following promote technological spillovers within a region? A) managerial transfers B) labor pooling C) regional associations D) all of the above Por ter’s diamond model contains which of the following factors? A) technological spilloversB) cultural constraints C) export policies D) demand conditions Chapter 10 Which types of new business will a corporation’s financial capital contribute the most to? A) larger businesses in mature industries B) smaller units in growing industries C) larger businesses in growing industries D) smaller units in mature industries Diversification paths of firms in the same industry vary across countries because: A) the resources and capabilities of the firms in the same industry differ systematically across countriesB) countries differ in the institutions that present diversification opportunities C) countries are located in different geographical locations D) the firms’ top management teams differ systematically across countries When an acquisition announcement occurs, acquisition targets often tend to: A) Enjoy a positive stock reaction B) Suffer a negative stock reaction C) Mai ntain their stock price D) Outsource more Chapter 11 Traditionally, firms that have grown through unrelated diversification have faced which of the following problems?A) the businesses were managed to support short-term corporate financial goals B) the complexity of the business portfolio exceeded corporate management’s capability C) there was no enduring economic rationale at the level of operations for the business units to be in the same corporation D) all of the above A transfer using a mandated market price is most effective when the downstream unit A) is attempting to establish its market position based on a cost advantage B) is attempting to establish its market position based on a value advantage C) has already achieved a dominant market position D) has failed to achieve a dominant market positionVertical integration, as represented among profit centers in a multi-business firm, is A) always superior to transactions in the market B) never superior to transactions in t he market C) not necessarily superior to transactions in the market D) none of the above Open questions Describe the two key strategic motivations for international expansion? Why do multinationals emerge? How have Zara’s practices and policies regarding its boundaries contributed to its growth and performance? What was the source of tension between Stephen Davies and Christopher Carson in the BRL Hardy case? What are its strategic implications?

Dell Inc Company Strategic Marketing

Dell Inc Company Strategic Marketing Abstract This research paper will delve into a scrupulous analysis and discussion of the modern drift in strategic marketing probing deeper into how it interlocks with the overall organizational goals and objectives.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Dell Inc Company Strategic Marketing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For the purposes of this study, Dell Inc, a colossal company offering a wide assortment of computer products and services will be reviewed bringing forth its kind of products and services, suggestions will be offered on how its marketing programs should be generally manned and executed. The study will however veer towards the researcher’s attained views and concepts, thus the information used will not necessarily second copy the actual data from Dell Inc. A keen attention will be given on how the suggested marketing plan will garner a complete overhaul of the business processes and profitabil ity. The paper will further analyze the risks involved in the marketing plan and how to counter those risks by implementing control measures in the wholesome business plan. Finally, a reflective section elaborating on the significance of undertaking this assignment will be highlighted followed by a brief conclusive section to summarily capture the key points established in the research paper after which the research will be wrapped up. Introduction In order for a marketing plan to succeed it must be based on the key goals established in the business plan. This call for the strategy formulating staff to sit down have a thorough review and understanding of the business plans in order to have a formula on how to blend the marketing plans with the business plan. Many first-time business industrialists hold the fallacy that by appending an ad on a local dairy or on a commercial television channel would have the potential buyers flocking into their premises to purchase goods and services offered. This trend is true, but only to certain degree. A cluster of people may well learn of the business enterprise, purchase products for some period but a huge latent clientele base may never learn about a business if it fails to develop and implement a passable marketing program. Any potential business owner who intends to stay germane in the business arena must design a thorough marketing program, maintain it, understand it and maximize on it to extract myriad advantages form the market place.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The key to acquisition and holding on to numerous and loyal client lies in the strategic marketing plan. The business owner must gyrate over diverse strategies and techniques until he fully understands them. After understanding the strategies it is important for the business owner to customize them and fit them in his business situa tion. Once the strategies a re implemented and maintained they help a business enterprise to attract and retain a stable group of loyal customers. Moreover, the business garners innumerable advantages such as reduction of risks accrued to market shifts and augmentation of profit margins. How Marketing Plan Supports Strategic Objectives Organizational Strategy And Marketing Plan Practitioners in the marketing field are mired by innumerable tasks. Often marketers find themselves entangled with the responsibility of running and maintaining marketing programs, staff supervision and sales this may sometimes obliterate their thinking from the real picture; however marketers are advised to gain little perspective via engaging in serious strategy formulation. The broad spectrum of business plan considers details like the products and the services being offered by the particular company, the numerous markets being served by the products, environmental factors, the production process, the com pany finance, research together with the other elements necessary in order for a business to succeed. The American Marketing Association defines marketing as a planning process comprising of execution of the conceived ideas, appending the right prices to the products, promoting and distributing goods and ideas for the purposes of satisfying the organizational objectives (Fill 2005.p.23) In essence it can be stated that the marketing plan endeavors achieve the overall organizational goals by ensuring that products are offered at the right price to the accurate potential customers. Once implemented, a marketing plan plays a crucial role in ensuring that the business attains success since it ensures business continuation and sustenance of business competitive edge in the market place. A business plan sets a pace for the business, determining the direction in which the business will be steered. In order for the overall plan of a business to succeed it must work in harmony with the marke ting strategies and tactics implemented in the business. A marketing plan works in consensus with the strategic objectives of the overall business.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Dell Inc Company Strategic Marketing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Its is the marketing plan which determines the degree of business promotion (Davies 1998.p.82) According to Kotler a marketing plan designs structures and devices tactics on how the business will be advanced and propped up (2006, P.67) This element helps the marketing plan to supplement the overall goals and objectives of the business. Fill established the fact that marketing plan is the driving force behind client base build up (2005.p.56). Marketing plan goes into the details on how the percentage of the clients will be increased and how the degree of loyalty will be augmented. Moreover, a marketing plan comes up with the right tactics on how the business will gar ner more profits to enhance growth. Thus the business growth intent is further bolstered through the marketing plan. The strategy on how to capture new market opportunities is intrinsically interwoven in the marketing plan and this aids the business in growth and advancement. Components Of A Marketing Plan. Each business designs it’s a marketing plan depending on its size, and the stage of growth it’s going through. The process of preparing a marketing plan is acutely important as it determines the effectiveness of the plan laid down. Preparation of a marketing plan plays are major role in establishing what the business goals would be and how those goals can be attained. As a business organizer I would design a marketing plan in the following systematic steps. Executive Summary: This will form a preamble into the whole marketing plan and will highlight the major points of the over all plan. In nutshell, the summary brings into light the major services offered and the p roducts of the company. Finally, the summary states the overall mission and the objectives of company (Kapferer 1997.p.45) Current situation:Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Current Situation: This section offers information concerning the business locality, the customers targeted to purchase the product together with the competitive environment. Further, this section offers information on the business viability in the locality and the encompassing threats which are likely to daunt its operations. Competitor Analysis: This facet includes the information on the other businesses operating on the same wavelength as the business under review and the competitive advantage or disadvantage they have over the business being analyzed. In this section, the business highlights other similar businesses offering similar products as your business. Other potential challenges to the business such as government regulations could also be high lightened on this section. Marketing Objectives And Strategy: In this section the aims of the business are written and the formula to attain them is explained. Further, the game plan on how to achieve profitability through marketing is noted. The marketing strategy explains how the stipulated objectives will be attained (Kotler 2006.p.17) Product: This offers detailed information on the product or service offered for sale and its features and the benefits garnered by using it. Price: This section offers detailed information on how much the customer will offer in order to get the product, payment policies are also indicated here. Promotion: This is detailed information endorsing the product to the potential buyers bringing out the salient features which give the product an edge in the market place. Place: This is the locality of the business in relation to the competitive environment. Action Programs: These ere rigorously structured and planned agendas stating what the company plans to do concerning the promotion of a product, and how and when they will be put into use. Budget: this offers the total cost that is going to be incurred in order for the marketing plan to be implemented. Measurements: This is quanti fication of the numerical targets for measuring achievement of the targeted results such as sales increase by 5% in 3 months. Supporting Documents: These are documents offered to back up the information provided in the marketing plan, such documents include research results, spreadsheets, budget sheet amongst others. Risks Within A Marketing Plan. In a time of finely tuned sensitivity to marketing competence a momentous effort should be made to ensure that the money pumped into the marketing plan achieves the best returns possible. Time and again, the best laid plans fail or are derailed by sudden or under-estimated forces that despoil the projected returns razing professional reputations. The negative forces which endeavor to thwart the marketing plan are termed as risks. As Davies elaborates risks are likely events that will considerably decrease the quantity base, hoist the expenditures and affect margins of the market share in adverse ways (1998.p.59) Myriad factors raging bad w eather to marketing channel interference and financial gaffs could sap the acuity of a well calculated marketing plan. Some factors which pose great threat to the success of the marketing plans include: Competitive actions, once a product or service is launched in the market place for instance in the case of Dell Inc after launching a plasma screen monitor for the computers. Chances are very high that Hewlett Packard, and Compaq will do the same; they would try to duplicate the product and add on some extra accessories which could easily cause the Dell’s monitors to be discredited. In order to avoid being choked up by competitors Dell has to endeavor to produce perfect products which will be hard to duplicate and which will stand out in the market place to give them edge over the competitive computer markets. Financial Blunders, Poor budgeting could lead to paucity in the money allocated to implement the marketing plan and this could deter the performance of the whole project or cause compromise in the quality of the expected results. Poorly managed and unmitigated risks sap the credibility of a well planned marketing plan and this could disappoint the company and frustrate the efforts of the marketers as they try to steer the organization into a fruitful territory. Operational risks are also known as the short term risks and they cover the pricing strategy and the quality of the product or service offered in the market place. Poor pricing could stall the rate at which the product or service is consumed, it could also garner losses for the business if the returns obtained from the product or services are too low (Chisnall1997.p.54). Poor quality products give the competitors a chance to trample over the business since customer always seek to buy the best products which are offered at their convenient prices. Strategic risks, these risks concern the business in relation to the immediate environment. They concern the producer as he relates to the longer t erm forces (Brassington 2006.p.98) some key risks entombed in this category include poor buyer power. For instance if Dell Inc wants to launch a new and sophisticated power saving, fast and reliable computer machine in order to cater for the production cost incurred it will have to hike the price and this will be difficult for the buyers since they may not be acquainted with buying computers at high prices. Evolution of consumer demand, is also another strategic risk, the market demands keep on changing due to increased technological changes in the market place hence a product might be phased out due to buyer’s disinterest or change of preference causing the business to incur massive losses. Policy changes could be another bottleneck to the marketing plan. Some government policies implemented such as increased taxes on the production materials or regulatory measures on how the product is sold and transported could deter the rate at which a service or product is consumed. In o rder for the ill effects of risks associated with marketing plan to abate marketing planners should device a contingency plan to buffer any ill effects accrued to the marketing process (Booms Bitner 2001.p.74). Although the planners have very little to do to avoid the occurrence of the risks they are supposed to be prepared financially, and be psychologically prepared and have action plans on what should be done incase of uncertainties. Construction Of Marketing Plan. Executive Summary Dell Inc is a complex IT multinational company which offers a wide assortment of computer products and services. Further it sells computer servers and other accessories used to aid in computer networking. The marketing plan endeavors to market Dell servers in Middle East where the competition has not yet taken root. The company will be working on a budget of approximately Three million dollars for a period of six months in order to break even in the virgin market Business Overview. Dell servers are po werful computer machines used to offer back up for other computers in a networked computer environment. Servers provide a link through which computers networked though a LAN (Local Area Network) or WAN (Wide Area Network) can communicate, share information and achieve data. A typical server capable of supporting 50 computer work stations goes for $400. The companies which pose competition to this kind of product is the Microsoft inc and Hewlett Packard. In the Middle East the company projects to acquire a pool of over five hundred thousand users since computer usage is gaining prevalence in the region. Target Market. The market cluster targeted for this kind of product include the ISP’S (Internet Service Providers), colleges and learning institutions, producing companies, government institutions and the religious institutions. In the case of the ISP’S who need to offer a lot of services to the initial customers, the company will offer high specialized servers to ensure that they can hold innumerable Gigabytes of data. Marketing Goals. To increase computer usage in Middle East by introducing highly powerful servers this could aid in provision of internet bandwidth to the potential clients. To bolster clientele base by venturing into new markets. To offer more training programs on computer usage in Middle East in order to create a viable market for the company servers. To establish a permanent working legal relationship, with the Middle East Information regulatory department. Marketing Strategies. The strategies will be used to venture in Middle East with new products include, customer incentives whereby for every Dell server machine purchased customers will be given free training on how to use them and also get free programs for running the server. There will also be free laptop offer for the first hundred clients in order to increase the rate at which people will purchase the products. Implementation Tactics. Foremost the Dell Company will advert ise on Television channels and News Papers the presence of its chiefly available products and the advantages accrued to usage of its products. Moreover, the clients will be compelled to know that it is the best offer in the market. Budget The whole practice which is supposed to last for three years is supposed to cost $six billion dollars. The budget is projected on the assumption that the potential customers will embrace and purchase the offered products (Blythe 2004.p.65). Further, it is assumed that the legal regulatory mechanisms will not inhibit the Dell Company from carrying out its business objectives in Middle East. Result Evaluation. The company will be able to realize the acquisition of its goals if there will be 10% reception of the product in the first three months. Further, if the company will be able to acquire five hundred clients inn two months it will be in a course of achieving its goals. The Importance Of Each Marketing Plan Component The executive summary of the marketing plan offers brief summary of all the activities which will be carried in order to make the whole plan a success. Business overview will be the second part of the plan explaining the general operations of the business and the objectives in relation to the outlined marketing plan (Baker 2000.p.43). The targeted market curves a niche for the business to identify the needs of the people who need to purchase the product. Marketing goals and strategies will help the business to have a vision on what it aspires to achieve and how it will achieve it. The marketing tactics are the procedures which will be followed in order to realize the set goals. The budget will highlight the overall cost of the marketing plan. Result evaluation will help to gauge the credibility of the plan. Mitigation Strategies For High Risk Components High risk components include the budget and the targeted customers. The budget may be minimal in comparison to the needs established, the planners will have a c ontingency plan by budgeting for hidden costs and uncertainties. Further, the team will have a reserve of finances for miscellaneous costs like training costs and the verbal promotion costs. Customers And Competitors The targeted customers who are likely to buy the Dell server machine include ISP’S government institutions and learning institutions this is because they are likely to have numerous computers in their working environments which are networked. The companies which are likely to offer stiff competition include Microsoft Inc and Hewlett Packard. Promoting Marketing Plan In Support Of Strategic Objectives Supporting Dell’s Strategic Objectives Dell has got a strategic objective of venturing into a new virgin market to promote its servers. The driving force behind the move is in endeavor to attain more customers and also to improve awareness of its products. Moreover, Dell will assert efforts towards improved sales and customer relations. My marketing plan will help to create awareness of the product through Television promotions and the Daily newspapers hence increasing customers’ proclivity towards Dell’s commodities. On the other note the marketing plan will offer incentives like free training and free laptops a factor which will create customer loyalty and bolster improved sales. Approach To Gain Agreement For The Marketing Plan In order for my marketing plan to gain credibility to the business managers I will foremost project to them the anticipated benefits of the whole marketing program. I will convince them that the move to market products in Middle East will help the company to dominate the computer servers market before competitors creep in. I will keenly establish the significance of marketing as it will help to give the company an edge in the cutthroat competitive computer market. Publicity And Promotion Strategy The strategy to embrace in order to gain publicity for the product is by using mass media channels lik e the internet, the Television channels and the daily Newspapers this will ensure that the information will reach numerous potential clients within a short period. Reflective Statement This research paper has stretched my credulity helping me to develop a different perspective towards the marketing facet of the business. I have realized that in the contemporary business hurl, a business’s constancy in the market place is determined by its knack to formulate and implement strategies in order to remain at par with the demands exerted by both internal and external environments. A business must devise a strategic plan which looks far beyond the instantaneous circumstances bringing to clarity the focal point of the business and its vision for the future. Strategic marketing considers the customer’s point of view when planning a marketing campaign. Moreover, it blends the customer’s situations, such as what they want and why they want a product or service, with the ge neral company’s direction. I have realized that marketing plan plays a massive role in aiding the entire businesses attain its core objectives. It offers positive solutions on how fast and effectively the business can achieve its projected project margins. The success of any business endeavor is so depended on the marketing plan that it why it should be formulated so accurately giving a key consideration to both the external and internal parameters. The existing customers are well retained through marketing plan when loyalty schemes are established, again new customers are acquired and retained thorough the plan if it is properly formulated. All the businesses which intent to remain afloat in the highly competitive arena must have on their fingertips all the information concerning their consumer needs and how to satisfy those needs. Marketing veers towards the consumer needs and how to satisfy them this is the surest way of making sure that the brands produced have credibilit y in the market and address the urgent consumer needs. Marketing is all about devising products which intrinsically satisfy the needs of the potential market at the same time offering a challenge to the competitors. Conclusion Business success depends on formulation of attainable strategies and achieving the specific objectives of the strategies. In order to achieve the objectives in accordance to the stipulated timeline is important to have a marketing plan which blends with the business goals and objectives. The plan will cultivate an ample environment through which goals will be achieved. A marketing plan must put into consideration the targeted market its needs and preferences (Hoyer 2001.p.34). The plan should bolster both loyalty and increase customer satisfaction which will draw in more customers and augment the business growth. The secret of success in business is devising a realistic marketing plan, executing it in relation to the business goals steering the business into f ruitful terrains. Reference List Baker, M. (2000) Strategic Marketing And Management (2nd) edition. NY: Macmillan press. Blythe, K. (2004) Essentials of Marketing (Ist Edition) 2nd edition. Chicago: Prentice Hall publishers. Booms, C.H. and Bitner, D.J (2001) Strategies In Marketing Ventures and organizational structures for service. American Marketing Association. Vol 6 Brassington, F.G. (2006), Principles of Marketing Management. (1st) Edition. Chicago: Prentice Hall Publishers. Chisnall, K.P. (1997) Key Issues In Marketing Research. (3rd) Edition. London: McGraw-Hill. Davies, M. (1998) Understanding The Heart Of Marketing.(1st) edition. London: Sage Publishers:. Fill, C (2005) Marketing Contexts, communications and applications. Harlow: Prentice Hall Publishers. Hoyer, J.K (2001) Consumer Behavior, (2nd Ed) NY: Houghton Mifflin printing press. Kapferer, J. (1997) Strategic Brand Management. London: Kogan Page Publishers. Kotler, P.V (2006) The Principles of Marketing. (4th) Editi on. Harlow Prentice Hall.

Definition and Discussion of Lexical-Function Grammar

Definition and Discussion of Lexical-Function Grammar In linguistics, lexical-functional grammar is a model of grammar that provides a framework for examining both morphological structures and syntactic structures. Also known as  psychologically realistic grammar. David W. Carroll notes that the major significance of lexical-functional grammar is the shunting of most of the explanatory burden onto the lexicon and away from transformational rules (Psychology of Language, 2008). The first collection of papers on the theory of lexical-functional grammar (LFG)Joan Bresnans The Mental Representation of Grammatical Relationswas published in 1982. In the years since, notes Mary Dalrymple, the growing body of work within the LFG framework has shown the advantages of an explicitly formulated, non-transformational approach to syntax, and the influence of this theory has been extensive (Formal Issues in Lexical-Functional Grammar). Examples and Observations In LFG, the structure of a sentence consists of two distinct formal objects: C[onstituent]-structure of the familiar kind plus a functional structure (or F-structure) which displays certain additional kinds of information. Most important in the F-structure is the labeling of grammatical relations like subject and object (these are called grammatical functions in LFG).The first part of the name reflects the fact that a great deal of work is done by the lexical entries, the dictionary part of the framework. Lexical entries are usually rich and elaborate, and each one inflected from a lexical item (such as write, writes, wrote, written and writing) has its own lexical entry. Lexical entries are responsible for dealing with many relations and processes handled by different machinery in other frameworks; an example is the voice contrast between actives and passives.(Robert Lawrence Trask and Peter Stockwell, Language and Linguistics: The Key Concepts, 2nd ed. Routledge, 2007)Different Kin ds of StructuresA natural language utterance is rich in structures of different kinds: sounds form recurring patterns and morphemes, words form phrases, grammatical functions emerge from morphological and phrasal structure, and patterns of phrases evoke a complex meaning. These structures are distinct but related; each structure contributes to and constrains the structure of other kinds of information. Linear precedence and phrasal organization are related both to the morphological structure of words and to the functional organization of sentences. And the functional structure of a sentencerelations like subject-of, object-of, modifier-of, and so onis crucial to determining what the sentence means.Isolating and defining these structures and the relations between them is a central task of linguistics. . . .Lexical Functional Grammar recognizes two different kinds of syntactic structures: the outer, visible hierarchical organization of words into phrases, and the inner, more abstract hierarchical organization of grammatical functions into complex functional structures. Languages vary greatly in the phrasal organization they allow, and in the order and means by which grammatical functions are realized. Word order may be more or less constrained, or almost completely free. In contrast the more abstract functional organization of languages varies comparatively little: languages with widely divergent phrasal organization nevertheless exhibit subject, object, and modifier properties that have been well-studied by traditional grammarians for centuries.(Mary Dalrymple, John Lamping, Fernando Pereira, and Vijay Saraswat, Overview and Introduction. Semantics and Syntax in Lexical Functional Grammar: The Resource Logic Approach, ed. by Mary Dalrymple. The MIT Press, 1999) C(onstituent)-Structure and F(unctional) StructureLFG contains multiple parallel structures each modeling a different aspect of linguistic structure. The main syntactic structures are (c)onstituent-structure and f(unctional) structure . . .C-structure models the surface syntactic form of language: it is here that surface precedence and dominance relations are encoded. C-structures are phrase-structure trees, characterized by a particular form of X theory . . . designed to accommodate the large amount of phrase structure variation found cross-linguistically, from the relatively strict configurationality of languages like English to the more radically non-configurational languages of Australia. . .C-structures are always base-generated; there is no movement. . . . [T]he effect of movement is achieved by the fact that different c-structure positions can be mapped into the same f-structure via unification.The level of f-structure models grammatical relations. Unlike c-structures, which a re phrase structure keys, f-structures are attribute-value matrices. F-structure attributes may be grammatical functions (e.g. SUBJ, OBJ, COMP, also nonargument functions TOP(IC), FOC(US)), tense/aspect/mood categories (e.g. TENSE), functional nominal categories (e.g. CASE, NUM, GEND), or the predicate (semantic) attribute PRED. . . . The contents of f-structure come from the lexical items of the sentences themselves, or annotations on the nodes of the c-structure linking pieces of c-structure to parts of the f-structure.(Rachel Nordlinger and Joan Bresnan, Lexical-Functional Grammar: Interactions Between Morphology and Syntax. Non-Transformational Syntax: Formal and Explicit Models of Grammar, ed. by Robert D. Borsley and Kersti Bà ¶rjars. Blackwell, 2011) Alternate Spellings: Lexical-Functional Grammar (capitalized)